The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Branches of Denominations Judaism

3. Early Reformers • John Wycliffe (1324-1384) • Interested in authority of clergy. • People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own. • Lived during Western Schism (more than one pope). • This caused questioning about Papal Authority.

4. Early Reformers Cont… • Jan Hus (1369-1415) • He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by Pope. • At the Council of Constance, he made his case but he was burned at the stake for his beliefs. • Spiritual leader of the Moravian Church.

5. Early Reformers Cont… • Erasmus (1466-1536) • “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.” • Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within. • He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will. • Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

6. Important Developments that aid the process to Reformation! • The Printing Press!!!! • Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production=cheaper books) • People have access to books whenever they want them. • How does this relate to the Reformation? Explain your answer? Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday

7. What is the Protestant Reformation? • Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches. • People grew displeased with the churches… • Financial Corruption – Sale of indulgences • Abuse of Power • Immorality

8. What happens to spark the Reformation? • Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences! • Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness) • Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses

9. Language Barriers • Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”. • Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation. • It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

10. Martin Luther’s Youth • Born November 10, 1483 • Parents: Hans & Margaretha Luder • Hans was common servant; worked in copper mine; rose to ownership of mines & smelter • Hans was driven to succeed; driven to be sure that Martin succeeded as well • Martin went to University of Erfurt to study law

11. Martin Luther’s Entrance into Monastery • Caught in a thunderstorm at age 21, he cried: “Help me, St. Anne! I will become a monk!” • Entered Augustinian Monastery, 1505 – much to his father’s dismay • Ordained a priest • Studied theology in preparation for teaching

12. Martin Luther’s Confession • Tormented by sensitivity to sin nature • Extreme asceticism: prayer, fasts, sleep deprivation, cold, whipping himself • Constantly in confession • Luther: “If ever a monk got to heaven by his monkery, I was that monk!”

13. Martin Luther’s Trip to Rome • Abbot Staupitz sent Luther on pilgrimage to Rome • Luther visited holiest places; crawled up Pilate’s staircase • Luther observed priests & bishops acting immorally & abusing their power • Luther: “I went with onions & returned with garlic”

14. Martin Luther’s Discovery • Next Staupitz sent Luther to Wittenberg as theology professor • 1515, great discovery: Rom. 1:17 • Gospel is revelation of justice of God • To Luther, justice of God was unbearable; yet, Gospel linked to God’s justice • Justice does not refer to punishment of sinners; righteousness is given to those who live by faith • Justification is the free gift of God to sinners: righteousness is imputed by God who justifies humans by their faith in Jesus Christ

15. Martin Luther • Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg. • One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation. • Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

16. Luther’s 95 Theses • In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin. • Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT! • Criticized: • Indulgences • Power of Pope • Wealth of Church • God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE! • Catholic View: Good Works

17. 95 Theses • 95 Theses written against the sale of indulgences • Nailed to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 • 95 Theses translated, printed, & distributed throughout Germany within 2 weeks

18. Selections from 95 Theses • 32. Those who suppose that on account of their letters of indulgence they are sure of salvation will be eternally damned along with their teachers. • 36. Every Christian who truly repents has plenary (full) forgiveness both of punishment and guilt bestowed upon him, even without letters of indulgence. • 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has a share in all the benefits of Christ and the Church, for God has granted him these, even without letters of indulgence.

19. Selections from 95 Theses • 81. This shameless preaching of pardons makes it hard even for learned men to defend the pope’s honor against calumny or to answer the indubitably shrewd questions of the laity. • 82. For example: “Why does not the pope empty purgatory for the sake of holy love . . . For after all, he does release countless souls for the sake of sordid money contributed for the building of a cathedral? . . .”

20. Excommunication • In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. • Excommunication- expelled him from the church. • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings. • Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or protest. • Hence the term Protestant!

21. Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521) • Charles V, HRE & king of Spain: “Surely one individual could not call into doubt the tradition of the entire church?” • Luther was ordered to recant his books “Unless I can be instructed and convinced with evidence from the Holy Scriptures or with open, clear, and distinct ground of reasoning, my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant, because it is neither safe nor wise to act against conscience. I can do no other. Here I stand. God help me. Amen”

22. Papal Bull of Excommunication • 1520, Luther was threatened by papal bull: “Arise, O Lord, a wild boar is loose in the vineyard” • Luther burned papal document plus entire canon law “Since they have burned my books,” he said, “I burn theirs.”

23. The Peasant Revolt - 1525

24. Wartburg Castle • Edict of Worms condemned Luther as civil criminal; 21 days “safe conduct” but pre-dated May 6 • Kidnapped on the way home • Surrounded by hooded men • Taken to Wartburg Castle by order of Frederick the Wise for safety • Knight George • He hid for 10 months

25. German Bible • New Testament: translated in 11 weeks • Old Testament & entire Bible in 1534 • Significance of the German Bible • Prompted Bible study & spread of Reformation • Popularized vernacular in other languages • Beginning of increased production of Bibles • Improved literacy • Unified German language: Luther = “Father of Modern German Language”

26. Other Reformations • Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland • Theocracy • A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired. • John Calvin in Switzerland • Predestination • God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation. • John Knox in Scotland • Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

27. Calvin’s World in the 16c • Calvin was a French theologian and reformer who fled religious persecution in France and settled in Geneva in 1536. • He instituted a form of Church government in Geneva which has become known as the Presbyterian church. • He insisted on reforms including: the congregational singing of the Psalms as part of church worship, the teaching of a catechism and confession of faith to children, and the enforcement of a strict moral discipline in the community by the pastors and members of the church. • Geneva was, under Calvin, essentially a theocracy.

28. The Huguenots andAnabaptists TheHuguenots were French Protestants. The tide of the Reformation reached France early in the sixteenth century and was part of the religious and political fomentation of the times. It was quickly embraced by members of the nobility, by the intellectual elite, and by professionals in trades, medicine, and crafts. Edict of Nantes - signed in April 1598, by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was, at the time, still considered essentially Catholic Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

29. Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation Wars of Religion: Intense popular religious disputes led to cases of popular unrest and mob violence in France and Germany. Many political actors (kings & other nobility) found common cause with Luther’s theological revolt against Rome. • As religious, political, and economic tensions became intertwined, peasant revolts broke out in the German lands in the 1520s, Catholic-Huguenot violence tore France apart from 1562 to 1598, and finally the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) pitted the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire against Protestant kings and princes throughout Europe who sought independence from Rome and the Emperor. • While the Peace of Westphalia brought an end to the fighting and established the modern state system in Europe, it recognized the end of Catholic religious unity in the continent. Counter-Reformation: Faced with widespread revolt, the Roman Catholic Church called the Council of Trent (1545–1563) to reaffirm its authority over doctrine and ritual. While there was an effort to end corrupt and abusive practices, the church took a hard line against heresy and dissent, approving militant orders such as the Society of Jesus(Jesuits).

30. In England, the Protestant Reformation began with the King! • King Henry VIII – Anglican Church • King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies. • Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. • This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). • She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and briefly restores the Catholic Church! • The Pop does not grant an annulment nor a divorce because it is against Catholic doctrine.

31. The Reformation Parliament • Was a gathering that led to the decision that England was no longer under the authority of the pope. • Act of Supremacy • Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England” • He seriously wanted a SON!

32. Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever. • Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen. • Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so. • Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent. • Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy.  • Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

33. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EGzHsye71c

34. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII • His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward (dies). • Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary” • Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake. • Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor) • Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years. Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never married…known as the Virgin Queen.

37. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

40. Martin Luther’s Legacy • Salvation: justification by grace through faith • Lord’s Supper: consubstantiation – Christ’s presence with the elements • Infant baptism • Priesthood of the believer • Union of church & state – to retain support of German princes • Anti-semitism

41. Martin Luther’s Legacy Principles of Reformation • Sola Scriptura  (by Scripture alone)  • Sola Fide (by faith alone)  • Sola Gratia (by grace alone)  • Sola Christus(by Christ alone)