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Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry. Branch of chemistry dealing with carbon molecules. Hydrocarbons. Compounds containing only carbon & hydrogen. Why can carbon form so many compounds?. It can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. What is the maximum # of bonds between any 2 C atoms?.

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Organic Chemistry

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  1. Organic Chemistry Branch of chemistry dealing with carbon molecules.

  2. Hydrocarbons Compounds containing only carbon & hydrogen

  3. Why can carbon form so many compounds? It can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.

  4. What is the maximum # of bonds between any 2 C atoms? A triple bond (3 pairs or 6 electrons)

  5. Properties of hydrocarbon molecules • Molecular • Low melting points • Low boiling points • Low Hf • Low Hv • High evaporation rate • High vapor pressure • May be gases, liquids, or solids • Decompose on heating • Poor conductors of heat & electricity • Nonpolar (vdw forces) • Dissolve in nonpolar solvents • React slowly • Solids may be soft or brittle

  6. Bonding capacity of H? 1

  7. Bonding capacity of O? 2

  8. Bonding capacity of the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)? 1

  9. Bonding capacity of S? 2

  10. Bonding capacity of N & P? 3

  11. Bonding capacity of C? 4

  12. The 4 single bonds of a carbon atom are directed to … the corners of a regular tetrahedron.

  13. Saturated hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon containing only single carbon-carbon bonds

  14. Unsaturated hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon containing at least 1 double or triple carbon-carbon bond

  15. Chemical or Molecular Formulas Tell the kind & number of atoms in a molecule.

  16. Structural Formulas Tell the kind & number of atoms in a molecule. Also attempt to show approximate shapes & bonding patterns of molecules.

  17. Homologous Series A group of related compounds in which each member differs from the one before it by the same additional unit. Properties vary in a predictable way.

  18. Alkanes Homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons. with the general formula CnH2n+2. Ratio of C to H is n:2n+2

  19. Alkanes Release energy when burned: fuels.

  20. Naming Alkanes Prefix: depends on # of carbon atoms in longest continuous chain. Suffix: ane

  21. Properties of Alkanes Nonpolar. Boiling point  as # of carbon atoms . (van der Waals forces increase with size). Insoluble in water. (Like dissolves like.)

  22. Nonpolar The electron cloud of the molecule is fairly evenly distributed. Either: Molecule has atoms with similar electronegativities Molecule has high symmetry

  23. Isomers Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas. Different chemical & physical properties. Different names. Same formula mass & percentage composition.

  24. Isomers # of possible isomers  as # of C atoms 

  25. Alkenes Homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing 1 double carbon-carbon bond.

  26. General formula of alkenes CnH2n

  27. Naming Alkenes Prefix: depends on # of carbon atoms in longest continuous chain. Suffix: ene # in front may give location of double bond.

  28. Properties of Alkenes Slightly more reactive than the alkanes. Double bond is site of reactivity.

  29. Alkynes Homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing 1 carbon-carbon triple bond.

  30. General formula of alkynes CnH2n-2

  31. Naming alkynes Prefix: depends on # of carbon atoms in longest continuous chain. Suffix: yne # in front gives location of triple bond.

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