Falcon Focus

1. Falcon Focus • USATESTPREP • EQ: DON’T FORGET TO WRITE THE QUESTIONS

2. Standard 8.E.5 EARTHQUAKES

3. STANDARD 8.E.5 • The student will demonstrate an understanding of the processes that alter the structure of Earth and provide resources for life on the planet.

4. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS • 8.E.5B.1 Analyze and interpret data to describe patterns in the location of volcanoes and earthquakes related to tectonic plate boundaries, interactions, and hot spots. • 8.E.5B.2 Construct explanations of how forces inside Earth result in earthquakes and volcanoes. • 8.E.5B.3 Define problems that may be caused by a catastrophic event resulting from plate movements and design possible devices or solutions to minimize the effects of that event on Earth’s surface and/or human structures.

5. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS • 8.E.5B.2 Construct explanations of how forces inside Earth result in earthquakes and volcanoes.

6. CONVECTION CURRENTS • Convection currents in the mantle result in the movement of lithospheric plates. The motion and interactions of the plates can create patterns in the location of volcanoes and earthquakes that result along the plate boundaries.

7. WHAT’S THE RELATIONSHIP? • Earthquakes can also occur along faults Scientists can specifically identify the type of boundary and fault that occurs along the edges of the plates by examining plate boundary maps. • Scientists can also use seismic data to understand the ways in which the plates are moving and the relationship between seismic activity and lithospheric plate motion.

8. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS • 8.E.5B.1 Analyze and interpret data to describe patterns in the location of volcanoes and earthquakes related to tectonic plate boundaries, interactions, and hot spots.

9. WHAT’S THE RELATIONSHIP? • Scientists study and record seismic data and volcanic activity in order to support the theory of plate tectonics. The evidence proves that there is a distinct relationship between seismic activity, volcanic activity, and the lithospheric plate boundaries.

10. Seismic Data and Plate Tectonics: • The interaction along plate boundaries results in an increased frequency of earthquakes at those locations. Additionally, stronger earthquakes are more likely to occur along active plate boundaries. • Strongearthquakes are more common at transform and convergent plate boundaries.

11. SAN ANDREAS FAULT • The San Andreas fault in California is an example of an active transform plate boundary.

12. REVIEW CHECK

13. Assessing Prior Knowledge and Relativity • What have you heard about earthquakes lately? • Why should we study earthquakes? • http://quakes.globalincidentmap.com • /

14. What About SC? South Carolina is among 16 states in the U.S. with the highest risk for earthquakes, according to an update from the U.S. Geological Survey. The South Carolina Emergency Management Division says the state generally experiences 15 to 20 earthquakes a year, though many are weak enough to be imperceptible.

15. Charleston Earthquake in 1886 • Earthquakes close to home

16. 2017 & 2018 EARTHQUAKES

19. Earthquakes!

20. EARTHQUAKE VIDEO • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7ho6z32yyo

21. What is an Earthquake? The definition of an earthquake is… vibrationsthat causethe breaking of rocks. These vibrations move in all directions through the earth. They begin at a point along a fault.

22. Earthquakes • If the __pressure___ or stress becomes too great, the rock breaks at a weak point along the fault and ___energy_____ is released

23. Where does an earthquake begin? Epicenter Focus

24. EARTHQUAKES OCCURS ALONG THE FAULT BUT BEGINS AT THE FOCUS

25. Parts of the Earthquake • The energy spreads outward in all directions as vibrations called ____seismic waves_____. • The _focus____ of the earthquake is the point in the crust, or mantle, where energy is released (sesimic waves) or where the earthquake begins. • The _epicenter___ is the point on Earth’s surface directly abovethe focus; energy that reaches the surface isgreatest at this point.

26. Focus, Epicenter, and Fault

27. Label the parts of the Earthquake. 2. 3.. 4. 1.

28. Seismic Waves

29. Label the Parts to the Earthquake

30. CHECKPOINT Part 1 • Where do earthquakes begin? • What is located right above the focus? What releases the energy (seismic waves)? • What is a break in the Earth’s Crust (is where an earthquake takes place)? • What is the energy that is being sent out from the focus? • What releases the greatest amount of energy?

31. CHECKPOINT Part 2 Label the Parts of the earthquake below. A. B. C.

32. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS • 8.E.5B.3 Define problems that may be caused by a catastrophic event resulting from plate movements and design possible devices or solutions to minimize the effects of that event on Earth’s surface and/or human structures.

33. WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKES?

34. What causes earthquakes? Tectonic plates move past each other causing stress(compression, tension, and shearing). Stress causes the rock to deform This can happen at: a Fault, Convergent, Divergent, and Transform Boundaries.

35. http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

36. RING OF FIRE • Mostearthquakesand volcanic eruptions do not strike randomly but occur in specific areas such as along plate boundaries. For example, the Ring of Fire where the Pacific Plate interacts with many surrounding plates, is known as one of the most seismicallyand volcanically active zones in the world.

37. WHERE THE MOST ACTIVE EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES ARE…

39. Earthquakes and People: • Many population centers are located near active fault zones and/or active plate boundaries, such as the San Andreas Fault. • Millions of people in these population centers have suffered personal and economic losses due to volcanic and earthquake activity.

40. Defining problems associated with earthquakes: • There is evidence to support the idea that tectonic activity contributed to the demise of ancient civilizations. • Based on the locations of current population centers, scientists have developed models that show that populations today may be just as vulnerable to the aftereffects of powerful earthquakes.

41. LATERAL (Horizontal) FORCES • When exposed to sudden lateral forces produced by seismic waves buildings and bridgescan FALL completely and collapse, crushing the people in and around them. • Modern population centers tend to be more densely packed with large numbers of tall buildings. • The complex infra-structure of modern cities also poses a danger in case of a major earthquake.

42. TODAY’S TECHNOLOGY • Over the past few decades, architects and engineers have developed a number of innovative technologies to ensure houses, multi-dwelling units, and skyscrapersbend instead of break. • Making these buildings more pliable, less brittle, and better able to move with the earthquakewaves has made it possible for inhabitants to survive extremely destructive earthquakes.

43. EARTHQUAKES OF INTEREST Great San Francisco – 1906 (8.3 magnitude)

44. Loma Prieta Earthquake – 1989 (7.1 magnitude)

45. Kobe, Japan Earthquake – 1995 (7.2 magnitude)

46. Northridge Earthquake – 1994 (6.6 magnitude)

47. Charleston, South Carolina Earthquake – 1886 (7.0 magnitude)

48. OTHER PICTURES

49. What Kind of Damage Do They CAUSE? Earthquakes can also cause landslides, sudden eruptions as in the case of a hot lava flow from a volcano or giant waves called tsunamis. Sometimes new land mass are also formed. Such earthquakes are attributed with the creation of the greatest undersea mountain range and the longest land mountain range.

50. San Francisco, 1989