Revolutions of 1848 and Nationalism

1. Revolutions of 1848 and Nationalism Copied Chap and Chap 25

2. So many revolutions occurred within a short time because of the years of oppression for the benefit of the elites that maintained a conservative power structure • Fueled the revolutions across the Atlantic, which in turn fueled revolutions back in Europe • Portuguese and Spanish empires in Americas gone, France’s dwindling Nationalism and Liberalism’s Rise

3. Elite military (nobility) were tired of the tsar’s power and called for representation in the government. Also wanted to end serfdom for the betterment of all Russians • Leaders were executed by tsar Nicholas I, who also instated a secret police force to “deal” with insubordinates Decembrist Movement in Russia - 1825

4. Greek War for independence against the Ottomans (1821-27) • Romanticized by many Europeans for being the “birthplace” of Western Civilization • Gained independence, but a fragile, small state • Needed the intervention of British, French and Russians • 1828 – Serbians fought for a Christian Orthodox state • Russians helped – “Slavic” brothers • Still had economic ties to Ottomans, as did the Greeks Greek And Serbian Independence Movements

5. 1830- Belgium (Austrian Netherlands) breaks free of Holland and allowed to remain independent if they promise to be neutral • 1830- Poland pushed out the Russian puppet monarch, Constantine, but are ultimately crushed by tsar Nicholas I and were back under his control • 1830 – Britain – Peterloo massacre, increasing calls for reform • 1832 –Reform Bill to make parliament more representative of the people • 1838 – abolishment of slavery • Fever pitch of revolutions in 1848 when failures in harvests and high grain prices led to revolts in the streets Other Revolutionary Actions

6. 1824-30 – Charles X on throne, restored Catholicism in schools, made parliament accept a bill to repay nobility for damages incurred during the Rev. • Dissolved parliament in 1830 when liberal party was voted in • Forced to abdicate after the commoners revolted…again • 1830 Revolution: Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, now king of a constitutional monarchy (had been in exile since father (a duke who supported the revolution) was beheaded during 1789 rev) • Doubled # of voters, got commoners back into politics • Stability lasted until 1848 France’s Problems…Another Revolution?

7. Louis Philippe forced to abdicate in 1848 and returned to exile in England • New (2nd) republic was formed with universal male suffrage • Lifted restrictions on press and allowed for the flourishing of political voices • Set up National Workshops to employ the needy – quickly overwhelmed by the # of workers seeking employment • Women’s rights expanding, more rights for immigrants as well • Conservatives and moderates in the middle and upper classes fear the amount of change taking place at once • In May of 1848, govt closed workshops and drafted men into the army to repress workers and commoners that were rebelling against changes • Many arrested and deported to labor camps in Algeria • Election of president led to the election of Louis Napoleon… Yep, another Revolution in France – 1848 edition

8. Along the lines of an enlightened despot – “Authoritarian Nationalism” • Romanticization of the original Napoleon after 1820 in France • Middle class and wealthy peasants actually feared a move toward socialism, so supported a more autocratic ruler like N3 –elected in 1848 by large margin of votes • Already had been influential in politics through a series of pamphlets that laid out a new plan for France • Wanted a direct democracy of policies that bypassed the parliamentary system, which he thought was corrupted by special interest groups (Hello, US Congress…) Louis Napoleon – Napoleon III

9. Worked with the National Assembly until 1851, then conspired against them to achieve a longer term in office • Dec 2 – coup d’etat that dismantled the National Assembly • Held a vote to extend his term to 10 years – 92% in favor • Also made self the hereditary emperor of France through VOTE (WHAT THE HECK, FRENCH PEOPLE?) • Increased expansion of railroads, national banks, public works for employment and urban planning, allowed the working classes to unionize and strike • 1860s- lost sway over voters, by 1869, National Assembly had more control again • 1870 – new constitution adopted to set up a parliamentary system – 3rd republic of France founded The Napoleon III Years (1852 – 1870)

10. Prior to 1850, there was no unification in Italy • Had been part of the Roman empire • Competing city-states grew out of the later medieval period • 1494-1815 – prime target for European imperialism • Reorganized by the Congress of Vienna • Lombardi and Venetia in north – Austrian • Sardinian and Piedmont – Italian Monarch • Tuscany – City-State • Central Italy and Rome – Papal States • Naples and Sicily – Ruled by branch of Bourbon monarchs Pre-Unified Italy

11. Radical idealism – Guiseppe Mazzini – universal male suffrage, direct democracy • Carbonari – radical groups in the early 1800s had been carrying this torch for a while • Federation of states under the Pope – VincezoGioberti • Autocratic kingdom approach – Sardinia’s Victor Emmanuel already working under a constitutional monarchy • See reading for more information Ideas for unification

12. Before Bismarck – Austria and Prussia did not see eye to eye. • Modern industry was growing within the Zollverein, which was the trade union among German states (which EXCLUDED Austria) • William I of Prussia (r. 1861 – 1888)was tough-minded – wanted to increase size of army and expand defense budget Path to German Unification

13. Prussian aristocrat, rebellious and wild as a young man • Kept options open for his climb to the top • “Might makes right” was his M.O. • Ignored Parliament and the middle class’s concerns • Opportunistic in regards to foreign policy and in his quest to unite the German-speaking peoples of Central Europe Otto Von Bismarck –Man, Myth Legend

14. Bismarck waged a war against Denmark in 1864 w/ Austria’s help to keep the state of Schleswig-Holstein under German control • Turned on Austria in 1866 and defeated them at the battle of Sadowain, Bohemia. • No reparations, but Austria lost Venetia to Italy • Creation of the Northern German Federation, headed by Prussia –each state had a constitution of its own, but the King of Prussia was the “president” of the confed • Bismarck was only accountable to the King of Prussia • Official position was chancellor Germany comes together

16. Manufactured by Bismarck to get the southern German states into the confed. • Germany now declared an EMPIRE at Versailles after France officially surrendered • France had to pay Germany 5 billion francs (an outrageous price at the time) and lost Alsace-Lorraine • Laid the groundwork for WWI’s hate party The Franco-Prussian War - 1870

17. 25 states in the confederation, largest was Prussia • Reichstag (Diet/Parliament) created as the lower house of the legislative body • Bismarck’s anti-Catholic push called the kulturkampf –”struggle for civilization” (he was Lutheran) • Caused a rise of Catholic center party in Germany as a result • Also tried to suppress the socialist movement by outlawing their meetings • Co-opted their political message by creating a welfare state in Germany German Empire