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Chapter 16: The Church and the Age of Enlightenment

Chapter 16: The Church and the Age of Enlightenment. THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587). ANTICIPATORY SET Review the quote from Pope Bl. John Paul II (p. 580), and then discuss the following questions: What is the supreme question?

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Chapter 16: The Church and the Age of Enlightenment

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  1. Chapter 16: The Church and the Age of Enlightenment THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH

  2. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) ANTICIPATORY SET Review the quote from Pope Bl. John Paul II (p. 580), and then discuss the following questions: What is the supreme question? What do they say is really the question, and who are they? What does the Church maintain is the answer to the supreme question?

  3. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) BASIC QUESTIONS How did King Louis XIV become the absolute monarch of France? What are Gallicanism, Jansenism, and Quietism? What was the effect of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes? KEY IDEAS With the help of Cardinal Richelieu and his successor Cardinal Mazzarin, King Louis XIV created a centralized, bureaucratic government. Gallicanism, which posits that the French Church is independent of the Pope who is in turn inferior to an Ecumenical Council; Jansenism, a kind of Calvinism; and Quietism, which asserts that the soul should remain completely passive and not make any effort to do good or avoid evil, abounded in France during the seventeenth century. With the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Louis XIV removed the Huguenots from France.

  4. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) FOCUS QUESTIONS According to Hobbes’s Leviathan, why does human nature require a strong political structure? Hobbes paints a grim portrait of human beings as selfish beasts who, left to their own devices, lead lives that can only be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” Hobbes thought that the state must impose unity from an absolute authority to control the natural human tendency toward mutual hostility. How does Hobbes’s view of the fallen state of man conflict with the Church’s teaching? Original Sin has damaged the original human condition; however, with God’s grace and the proper exercise of free will, every person can cooperate with grace to express true love of neighbor. This view is permeated by hope and optimism in contrast to Hobbes’s pessimistic view of fallen human nature.

  5. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) GUIDED EXERCISE Discuss the following question: Based on last night’s reading, is Hobbes’s understanding of human nature correct?

  6. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) FOCUS QUESTIONS How did Cardinal Richelieu both divide Germany and unite France? Though both nations were composed of hundreds of feudal provinces, Cardinal Richelieu made it his business to keep the German states fairly independent, which precluded any centralized military action, while in France, he increased the monarch’s powers and decreased those of the Protestant princes. Why was Cardinal Richelieu against the Edict of Nantes? He did not support its creation of a de facto Protestant state within a Catholic nation because such a division would prevent national cohesion.

  7. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) FOCUS QUESTIONS How did the Fronde affect King Louis XIV’s views toward the nobles of France? The rebellion of the Fronde convinced the young king that he had to gain control of the powerful noble factions within France. Why were King Louis XIV’s good graces essential? Since he held absolute power, to get ahead in France, a person had to please him.

  8. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) FOCUS QUESTION How did King Louis XIV create absolute power for himself? He dismissed the great lords of France from participation in the government. By freeing them from taxation, he also precluded them from interfering in his administration. Instead, he appointed lower nobles who were grateful for the undreamt-of prestige and gave him unfailing loyalty.

  9. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) GUIDED EXERCISE Discuss the following question: Why is Louis XIV’s absolutism a recipe for abuse that could have led easily to revolution?

  10. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) FOCUS QUESTION What was the Gallican tradition? This longstanding view held that the French Church should be independent of the papacy. In effect, it meant that secular rulers should appoint bishops, control Church revenues, and even determine doctrines and the practice of the Faith.

  11. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) FOCUS QUESTIONS How did King Louis XIV show devotion to the Faith? He attended Mass daily, said the Rosary, and in other ways exemplified an authentic spirituality. Why did King Louis XIV believe he should rule the Church in France? Louis XIV believed that everyone in France should be subject to him, both laity and clergy.

  12. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) GUIDED EXERCISE Analyze the illustration of King Louis XIV on page 583 using the following question: How does this portrait illustrate extremes of power and vanity?

  13. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) FOCUS QUESTIONS What were some ways that Louis XIV showed respect for the papacy? Louis upheld the papal censure of the Sorbonne for condemning papal teaching on infallibility. He also abandoned one of his minister’s policies to limit the number of priests in France when the Pope condemned the move. What was the biggest example of Louis XIV’s disregard for papal authority? The king ordered the Four Gallican Articles to be taught in all the seminaries of France.

  14. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) FOCUS QUESTION What compromise did the Pope and the king reach over the Gallican articles? Louis XIV agreed to disavow the Declarations of 1682 and end the mandatory teaching of the Four Gallican Articles. In return, the Pope agreed to appoint all the bishops Louis had nominated for vacant sees in France.

  15. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) GUIDED EXERCISE Work with a partner to identify the Four Gallican Articles from the text.

  16. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) GUIDED EXERCISE Discuss the sidebar “The Courtly Life of the Sun King” (p. 585) using the following questions: Did the Sun King have an ideal life? Would you like to live a life like his? What did his life lack? What dangers lie in this life?

  17. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) FOCUS QUESTIONS Which early Church Father did Bishop Jansen study devoutly? He studied St. Augustine of Hippo. What did Jansen think he had uncovered? Jansen thought that he found an overlooked theory of grace in the writings of St. Augustine; this was published posthumously in Augustinus (1640).

  18. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) FOCUS QUESTION Who were the three greatest promoters of Jansenism? Jansen himself did not promote his theory but left it to the Church to decide its truth. After Jansen’s death, Jansenism was promoted by his friend Jean-Ambroise; Antoine Arnauld, a French philosopher; and the mathematician Blaise Pascal.

  19. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Work with a partner to complete the following table on Jansenism and Catholicism.

  20. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587)

  21. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) FOCUS QUESTIONS How did King Louis XIV deal with Port Royal? He had the convent razed and the bodies in the cemetery exhumed and placed in unmarked graves, presumably so no one could venerate them. What is heretical about Quietism? Quietists advocate that each soul should totally abandon itself to God and make no personal effort, not even the effort to fight temptations. It is heretical because everyone should cooperate with grace to avoid evil and choose good. What did the revocation of the Edict of Nantes mean for the Huguenots? Huguenots who would not convert to Catholicism were effectively banished.

  22. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT Study Questions 1–6 (p. 612) Practical Exercise 1 (p. 613) Workbook Questions 1–25 Read “The Stuart Kings of England” through “Rise of Parliamentary Democracy in England” (pp. 588–593)

  23. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) CLOSURE Write one-sentence definitions of Gallicanism, Jansenism, and Quietism.

  24. 1. King Louis’s France (pp. 580–587) ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT Use the completed Graphic Organizer on page 586 to write a paragraph explaining why the Jansenist theory of grace is erroneous.

  25. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) ANTICIPATORY SET Study the map of Ireland on page 590 and write a paragraph summarizing the differences they observe regarding land ownership in 1641 and 1703.

  26. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) BASIC QUESTIONS Who were the Stuart kings of England, and how did they fare? How did the Stuart kings and the Calvinist dictator Cromwell treat Catholics in England and Ireland? KEY IDEAS James I persecuted Catholics and discriminated against Calvinists. Charles I expanded his power but was at odds with the Calvinist-dominated Parliament; he was deposed at the end of the Civil War (1642–1651) and beheaded by Cromwell. Charles II tolerated Catholics in England, but James II was forced to abdicate during the Glorious Revolution because he produced a Catholic heir. Subsequent legal measures ensured that there would never be another Catholic king in England. Oliver Cromwell was a Calvinist military dictator who tried to eradicate Catholicism from Ireland. The Irish Plantation system and other penal laws oppressed Catholics severely.

  27. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) FOCUS QUESTIONS What was the Gunpowder Plot? This plot by a Catholic failed to blow up the king and Parliament. What two big internal threats did James I face? He feared both the Catholic minority, which he persecuted, and the growing Calvinist power that dominated Parliament.

  28. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) FOCUS QUESTIONS What was Charles I’s aim? He wanted absolute rule, so he tried to increase revenue and centralize the bureaucracy. What were Charles I’s conflicts with Parliament? Because he would not guarantee tolerance for Calvinists, the Calvinist-dominated Parliament refused to grant him revenues to carry out his policies.

  29. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) FOCUS QUESTIONS What was the result of the English Civil War? Calvinists rose to power under Oliver Cromwell, a dictator who beheaded King Charles I. How was Cromwell’s rule? He formed a military dictatorship based on Puritan principles and persecuted Catholics.

  30. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) FOCUS QUESTIONS What were the Irish Plantations? These large areas in northeastern Ireland were cleared of Catholics—without their permission and without compensation—and resettled by Scottish Protestants. What was the aim of the plantations? The goal was to eradicate Catholics from Ireland. What was the Catholic reaction to the plantation system? A rebellion broke out wherein about 3000 Protestants died.

  31. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Work with a partner to complete the following table about Oliver Cromwell’s plans for the Irish people.

  32. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593)

  33. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) FOCUS QUESTIONS What was the outcome of the plantation movements? There were three major plantation movements whereby 81% of all fertile land in Ireland was transferred to Protestant immigrants. This impoverished the Catholic population. How did Ulster go from the most Gaelic to the most British region of Ireland? The Ulster counties of the north and west of Ireland had comprised the most fiercely Gaelic region. To break this, the first and most successful plantation movement began there in 1609.

  34. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) GUIDED EXERCISE Work with a partner to compile a list of English actions against the Irish.

  35. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) FOCUS QUESTION What was the cause of the Protestant–Catholic troubles that plagued Northern Ireland during the second half of the twentieth century? After Ireland had gained independence from England in 1921, the English retained control of the counties of Ulster. Both Protestants and Catholics considered themselves to the rightful heirs to those lands. Extension: This problem was exacerbated by the minority Protestant population holding power over the poorer, majority Catholic population; a tiny minority of Catholics in the north formed a radical terrorist organization. What was King Charles II’s policy toward Catholics, and why did it end? He was sympathetic to Catholics in England and discreetly tolerated them. This ended when public pressure from the fabricated Popish Plot forced him to resume persecution.

  36. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) FOCUS QUESTIONS What was the justification for the Glorious Revolution that deposed King James II? Parliament claimed the right to revolution as described in John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government, which argued that, when a king violates the social contract with his subjects, the people have the right to replace that ruler with one of their own choosing. They claimed that King James II had violated the social contract by allowing his son to be baptized Catholic. How did Parliament assure that there would never be another Catholic king in England? The Act of Settlement barred Catholics from political office and prohibited any from sitting on the throne. Extension: Later Test Acts prohibited Catholics from attending university and from practicing any profession within the British Isles.

  37. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT Study Questions 7–12 (p. 612) Practical Exercise 2 (p. 613) Workbook Questions 26–46 Read “The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment” through “The New Order in Science and Politics” (pp. 593-598)

  38. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) CLOSURE Free write for five minutes describing how the Stuart kings and the Calvinist dictator Oliver Cromwell treated Catholics in England and Ireland.

  39. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593) ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT Complete the following table about the fate of the Stuart kings of England.

  40. 2. The Stuart Kings of England (pp. 588–593)

  41. 3. The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment (pp. 593–598) ANTICIPATORY SET Mini-lecture: Science and Christianity.

  42. 3. The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment (pp. 593–598) BASIC QUESTIONS What contributions did Descartes, Bacon, Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton make? What are Locke’s concepts of the social contract and the rights of man? KEY IDEAS Descartes founded subjective philosophy. Bacon championed inductive reasoning. Copernicus introduced a heliocentric model of the universe, which was supported by the observations of Brahe and the formulations of Kepler. Galileo developed the scientific method. Newton founded modern physics. Locke was optimistic about human capacity within politics in his theories of the social contract and natural rights.

  43. 3. The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment (pp. 593–598) FOCUS QUESTIONS What did Descartes seek to accomplish by philosophy? He sought to achieve the same level of certainty he had seen in mathematical demonstration. How did Descartes’s dictum, “Cogito ergo sum,” affect philosophy? This turned philosophy upside down, moving it from the realm of reality to subjective thought processes. Extension: St. Thomas Aquinas would probably have said not, “I think therefore I am,” but rather, “I am [a human being] therefore I think.”

  44. 3. The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment (pp. 593–598) FOCUS QUESTIONS How did Descartes view metaphysics? Descartes believed that human beings are incapable to know metaphysical truth, that is, truth transcending empirical data. Extension: Empirical data is that which can be observed and measured using the five senses. According to Francis Bacon, what can science do for human beings? Bacon said that scientific inquiry could help human beings control nature and contribute to the wealth and comfort of civilization.

  45. 3. The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment (pp. 593–598) FOCUS QUESTIONS What is Novum Organum? This book by Bacon describes scientific inquiry. Extension: Bacon predicted that human beings would fly and travel by submarine one day. What is inductive knowledge? This way of knowing collects empirical data from which general principles are derived. Aristotle used deductive knowledge, which begins with general principles known to be true and draws new conclusions from them.

  46. 3. The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment (pp. 593–598) GUIDED EXERCISE Work with a partner to list Galileo’s other scientific contributions.

  47. 3. The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment (pp. 593–598) FOCUS QUESTION What did Nicholas Copernicus theorize? Based on closer observation of the movement of the sun, planets, and stars, Copernicus posited that the Ptolemaic model of the universe, in which the earth is in the center, did not explain the motion of the stars as well as a heliocentric model, wherein the earth and other bodies revolve around the sun. Extension: Copernicus’s model did explain the movements of the heavenly bodies more easily than the Ptolemaic model, but Copernicus’s model was not conclusive because he assumed that the planets have circular orbits when, in fact, they are elliptical.

  48. 3. The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment (pp. 593–598) FOCUS QUESTIONS What did Tycho Brahe contribute to astronomy? Though he disagreed with Copernicus’s heliocentric model of the solar system, he amassed more detailed and accurate measurements of the movement of celestial bodies than anyone before him. What did Kepler contribute to the Copernican model? He devised a mathematical model to describe the planets’ elliptical orbits around the sun. Brahe’s systematic, empirical observations and Kepler’s mathematical interpretation of the data helped give birth to the modern scientific method.

  49. 3. The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment (pp. 593–598) GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Work with a partner to complete the following table on early contributors to empirical science.

  50. 3. The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment (pp. 593–598)

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