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Ian Nakamura (iannaka@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp) Okayama University Japan

Repetition of task with analysis of spoken discourse: An exploration of student-led interviews of a teacher. Ian Nakamura (iannaka@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp) Okayama University Japan. 1. Introduction: Interweaving five strands of interest into a study. 1.1 Repetition of task

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Ian Nakamura (iannaka@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp) Okayama University Japan

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  1. Repetition of task with analysis of spoken discourse: An exploration of student-led interviews of a teacher Ian Nakamura (iannaka@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp) Okayama University Japan

  2. 1. Introduction: Interweaving five strands of interest into a study 1.1 Repetition of task Lynch & MacLean (2000), Bygate (2001) 1.2 Teacher-student talk/ test interviews Richards (2006), Kasper (2002) 1.3 Students transcribing the talk Gunn (2003), Lynch (2007) 1.4 Organization of Interviews Heritage (1985), Clayman & Heritage (2002) 1.5 Issues of social interaction in tasks Slimani-Rolls (2005), Jenks (2009)

  3. 2. Focus questions 2.1 How does the student guide talk as the interviewer? 2.2 What features of the interview does the student notice? 2.3 What changes occur over time?

  4. 3. Analysis of a case study 3.1 Interview no. 1 on May 21 Reflection on May 28 3.2 Interview no. 2 on June 4 Reflection on June 18 3.3 Interview no. 3 on June 25 Reflection on July 2

  5. 3.1 Interview no. 1 on May 21 1 S: So first (.) I (.) want to ask you .hh ah when when 2 you came to Japan. 3 T: A::h many years ago, ah over 20 years ago= 4 S: =Over 20 years ago 5 T: Yeah 6 S: So why did you decide to come to Japan. 7 T: Uh my fir:st reason was a:h there was a good chance 8 t:o (.) teach English= 9 S: =Mm 10 T: in a school. 11 S: Uh:huh 12 T: And ah I’d never been to Japan before↑= 13 S: =Yeah 14 T: so I thought it would be a good experience. 15 S: M:m .h so why did you (1.5) decide to become an 16 English teacher.

  6. Reflection on May 28 26 S: S:o (.) before (.) I would like to go to the topic 27 of .hh Japanese education of Engl:ish? 28 T: Umhuh 29 S: I wanted to know your background of teaching. 30 T: Right righ[t 31 S: [Why (.) did you decide to be[come 32 T: [Uhuh 33 S: an English teacher? 34 T: Uhuh 35 S: So I asked you such a question s first

  7. 3.2 Interview no. 2 on June 4 1 S: I am interested in your own history 2 T: Uhum 3 S: so would you please tell me .hh when you came to 4 Japan? 5 T: A::hm I always tell pe:ople (.) over 20 years 6 a[go 7 S: [Yeah HHhh over 20 8 T: Because you would be too surprised if I told 9 ex[act d[ate 10 S: [Mm [ah okay so over 20 years a[go HHhh11 T: [Yeah 12 S: So (1.2) second question is why↑ did you decide to 13 become an English teacher in Japan.

  8. Reflection on June 18 23 S: ah this part is about foreign language education 24 especially about your country 25 T: Ah 26 S: you learned Span[ish 27 T: [M- 28 S: and Italian 29 T: Mm 30 S: so ah when (.) when we think about foreign language 31 education= 32 T: =Mm 33 S: I think ah I notice it’s important to (2.3) um have a 34 wide point of view not only English education 35 T: Ah 36 S: but also foreign language education

  9. 3.3 Interview no. 3 on June 25 1 S: So we will discuss (.) inter eh English education in 2 Japa:n↑ 3 T: Ok:a[y 4 S: [so first h I will (.) ask yo:u (.) some (.) some 5 questions? 6 T: Okay 7 S: First (.) what do you think Japanese English 8 education (.) is focused on. 9 T: Ahmm generally speaking 10 S: Yeh 11 T: it’s focused on tests. 12 S: Tests ah- tests? 13 T: Yeah 14 S: Wow I (1.8) I image you’d say (.) you you will say 15 reading or writing but tests

  10. Interview no. 3 continuation (transcribed by student) 36 S: So, you said, listening and speaking are focused on • in your language education. What do you think about • ultimate purpose of your language education? 39 T: The ultimate goal is to raise people who can carry on 40 the conversation in the language in correct form. 41 S: to raise the people? 42 T: Yes, to be able to communicate the language. 43 S: I want to move on next part, which means Japanese • English education. You said the purpose of learning • English in your country is to raise people who can • speak the language. What … What should …What do 47 you think should be the ultimate purpose of Japanese 48 education?

  11. 4. Conclusion 4.1 The kind of things the student noticed in reflection -She summarized before moving on to the next topic. -When asking a question she wondered if there was a better form. -She felt difficulty in closing the interview naturally. 4.2 What did the teacher notice? -She was familiar with the basic organization of an interview. -She could improve question-transition with additional chances. -She needed some guidance to look beyond her errors in form. 4.3 Concluding thought A task is an activity which requires participants to use language to seek and provide information of interest and for both of them to see how their talk is co-accomplished. Adapted from Bygate, Skehan, & Swain (2001, p. 11)

  12. References Bygate, M. (2001). Effects of task repetition on the structure and control of oral language.In M. Bygate, P. Skehan, & M. Swain (Eds.). Researching Pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching and testing (pp. 23-48). Harlow: Pearson Education. Clayman, S. & Heritage, J. (2002). The news interview: Journalists and public figures on the air. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gunn, C. (2003). Exploring second language communicative competence. Language Teaching Research, 7, 2, 240-258. Heritage, J. (1985). Aspects of the production of talk for an overhearing audience. In T. van Dijk (Ed.). Handbook of Discourse analysis, Vol. 3 Discourse and dialogue (pp. 95-117). Jenks, C. (2009). Exchanging missing information in tasks: Old and new interpretations.The Modern Language Journal, 93, 2, 185-194. Kasper, G. (2004). Speech acts in (inter)action: Repeated questions. Intercultural Pragmatics, 1, 1, 125-133. Lynch, T. (2007). Learning from the transcripts of an oral communication task. ELT Journal, 61, 4, 311-320. Lynch, T. & MacLean, J. (2000). Exploring the benefits of task repetition and recycling for classroom language learning. Language Teaching Research, 4, 3, 221-250. Richards, K. (2006). ‘Being the teacher’: Identity and classroom conversation. AppliedLinguistics, 27, 1, 51-77. Slimani-Rolls, A. (2005). Rethinking task-based language learning: What we can learn from the learners. Language Teaching Research, 9, 2, 195-218.

  13. Thank you Ian Nakamura Foreign Language Education Center Okayama University Japan

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