1 / 52

An Introduction to the Human Body

Chapter 1. An Introduction to the Human Body. Definitions of A & P:. Anatomy science of structure relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart) imaging techniques Physiology science of body functions normal adult physiology studied in this text some genetic variations described

keilah
Download Presentation

An Introduction to the Human Body

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 1 An Introduction to theHuman Body

  2. Definitions of A & P: • Anatomy • science of structure • relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart) • imaging techniques • Physiology • science of body functions • normal adult physiology studied in this text • some genetic variations described • Subdivisions of A & P = Table 1.1 (pg 3)

  3. Levels of Organization • Chemical atoms molecules • Cellular • Tissue • Organs • System Level • Organismic Level

  4. Levels of Structural Organization • Chemical Level • atomic and molecular level • Cellular level • smallest living unit of the body • Tissue level • group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together on one task • 4 basic tissue types • epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nerve

  5. Levels of Structural Organization • Organ level • grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a recognizable structure with a specific function. • Organ system • collection of related organs with a common function • sometimes an organ is part of more than one system • Organismic level • one living individual.

  6. Clinical Observational Techniques(Non-invasive Techniques) • Palpation • feel body surface with hands • pulses and breathing rates • Can detect enlarged organs • Auscultation • listen to body sounds with stethoscope • abnormal fluid in lungs • Percussion • tap on body surface and listen to echo • air in intestines, Fluid in lungs

  7. Interaction of Organ Systems • All major body systems will be examined • Interaction of different systems of the body • skin produces vitamin D needed for calcium absorption and bone growth • bone marrow produces cells which help the skin resist infection.

  8. Life Processes • Metabolism = sum of all chemical processes • breakdown of large molecules into small • building new structural components (proteins) • providing chemical energy for cells • Responsiveness • detect & respond to changes in internal or external environment • some typical responses • muscle contraction, electrical signals, hormone or glandular secretion

  9. Life Processes • Movement at any structural level • the body, an organ, a cell or cell component • Growth • increase in number or size of cells or the material found between cells • Differentiation • specialization of cells for a specific function • stem cells give rise to cells that specialize • Reproduction • formation of new cells or new individuals

  10. Autopsy • Postmortem examination of body by dissection • Purpose • confirm or determine cause of death • support findings of other tests • provide information on effects of drug usage • educate healthcare students • reveal congenital defects

  11. “Autopsy is a Slice of Real -Life CSI” Video

  12. Homeostatis • Maintaining the internal environment within physiological limits • First described by French physiologist, 1813-1878 • Process named by Walter Cannon, 1871-1945 • Example • blood glucose level is kept within narrow range 70-110/100ml

  13. Homeostasis of Body Fluids • Maintaining volume and composition • Delineation of fluid compartments • intracellular fluid (ICF) = within cells • extracellular fluid (ECF) = outside cells • intercellular fluid = tissue fluid = interstitial fluid • plasma = fluid portion of blood • Composition of fluids change as substances move between compartments • nutrients, oxygen, ions and wastes move in both directions across capillary walls

  14. Control of Homeostasis • Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by • external stimuli or • intense heat, cold , and lack of oxygen • internal stimuli • psychological stresses • exercise • Disruptions are usually mild & temporary • If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result

  15. Neural and Endocrine Controls • Process of maintaining a controlled condition • sensory receptors detect change in a monitored variable • nervous system and/or endocrine system responds • Example of control of blood gas level • exercise increases blood CO2 levels • sensory receptors detect change • nervous system increases heart and breathing rates to remove excess CO2 • adrenal gland releases epinephrine to increase heart and breathing rates

  16. Components of Feedback Loop • Receptor • monitors a controlled condition • Control center • determines next action • Effector • receives directions from the control center • produces a response that changes the controlled condition

  17. Negative & Positive Feedback Loops • Negative feedback loop • original stimulus reversed • most feedback systems in the body are negative • used for conditions that need frequent adjustment • body temperature, blood sugar levels, blood pressure • Positive feedback loop • original stimulus intensified • seen during normal childbirth

  18. Homeostasis of Blood Pressure • Pressure receptors in walls of certain arteries detect an increase in BP • blood Pressure = force of blood on walls of vessels • Brain receives input and signals heart and blood vessels • Heart rate slows and arterioles dilate (increase in diameter) • BP returns to normal

  19. Positive Feedback during Childbirth • Stretch receptors in walls of uterus send signals to the brain • Brain releases hormone (oxytocin) into bloodstream • Uterine smooth muscle contracts more forcefully • More stretch, more hormone, more contraction etc. • Cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in stretch

  20. Homeostatic Imbalances • Disorder = abnormality of structure or function • Disease = homeostatic imbalance with distinct • symptoms---changes in body function felt by the patient such as nausea and anxiety • signs----changes in body function that can be observed by the doctor such as rash or fever • Epidemiology----how disease is transmitted • Pharmacology --- how drugs used to treat disease • Diagnosis---skill of distinguishing one disease from another

  21. Anatomical position Regions of the body Anatomical planes, sections and directional terms Basic Anatomical Terminology

  22. Anatomical Position • Standardized position from which to describe directional terms • standing upright • facing the observer, head level • eyes facing forward • feet flat on the floor • arms at the sides • palms turned forward • A reclining body? Prone position = lying face down Supine position = lying face up

  23. Clinical terminology based on a Greek or Latin root word.

  24. Planes and Sections • A plane is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body. • A section is one of the 2 surfaces (pieces) that results when the body is cut by a plane passing through it.

  25. Sagittal Plane • Sagittal plane • divides the body or an organ into left and right sides • Midsagittal plane • produces equal halves • Parasagittal plane • produces unequal halves

  26. Other Planes and Sections • Frontal or coronal plane • divides the body or an organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions • Transverse(cross-sectional) or horizontal plane • divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) or lower (inferior) portions • Oblique plane • some combination of 2 other planes

  27. Planes and Sections of the Brain(3-D anatomical relationships revealed) • Horizontal Plane • Frontal Plane • Midsagittal Plane

  28. Major Directional Terms • See Definitions page 14

  29. Superior or Inferior • Superior • towards the head • The eyes are superior to the mouth. • Inferior • away from the head • The stomach is inferior to the heart.

  30. Dorsal or Ventral • Dorsal or Posterior • at the back of the body • The brain is posterior to the forehead. • Ventral or Anterior • at the front of the body • The sternum is anterior to the heart.

  31. Medial or Lateral • Medial • nearer to the midline of the body • The heart lies medial to the lungs. • Lateral • farther from the midline of the body • The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand.

  32. Proximal or Distal • Proximal • nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk • The knee is proximal to the ankle. • Distal • farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk • The wrist is distal to the elbow.

  33. Body Cavities • Spaces within the body • Help protect, separate, and support internal organs • Separates by bones, ligaments, and muscles

  34. Dorsal Body Cavity • Near dorsal surface of body • 2 subdivisions • cranial cavity • holds the brain • formed by skull • vertebral or spinal canal • contains the spinal cord • formed by vertebral column • Meninges line the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal

  35. Ventral Body Cavity • Near ventral surface of body • trunk • 2 subdivisions • thoracic cavity above diaphragm • abdominopelvic cavity below diaphragm • Diaphragm = large, dome-shaped muscle • Organs called viscera • Organs covered with serous membrane

  36. Abdominopelvic Cavity • Inferior portion of ventral body cavity below diaphragm • Encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvis • Subdivided into Abdominal and pelvic cavities

  37. Abdominopelvic Cavity • Abdominal Cavity: stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of the large intestine. • Pelvic Cavity: urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

  38. Thoracic Cavity • A.K.A. – Chest Cavity • Encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle • Divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum • Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs

  39. Mediastinum • Midline wall of tissue that contains heart and great vessels, esophagus, trachea and thymus.

  40. Serous Membranes • Thin slippery membrane lines body cavities not open to the outside • parietal layer lines walls of cavities • visceral layer covers viscera within the cavities • Serous fluid reduces friction

  41. Pleural & Pericardial Cavities • Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs --- Parietal pleura lines chest wall • Visceral pericardium covers heart --- Parietal pericardium lines pericardial sac

  42. Peritoneum • Visceral peritoneum --- serous membrane that covers the abdominal viscera • Parietal peritoneum --- serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall

  43. Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants • Describe locations of organs or source of pain • Tic-tac-toe grid or intersecting lines through navel

  44. Medical Imaging • Allows visualization of structures without surgery • Useful for confirmation of diagnosis • Examples: radiography, MRI, CT, Ultrasound, PET, Radionuclide scanning, & Endoscopy

  45. Conventional Radiography • A.K.A – X-ray • A single burst of xrays • Produces 2-D image on film • Inexpensive, quick, and simple to perform • Bones appear white • Hollow structures are black • Skin, fat, and muscle appear varying shades of gray

  46. Other types of Radiography • Mammography • Bone Densitometry • Angiography • Intravenous urography • Barium contrast x-ray • Breast • Bone density • Blood vessels • Urinary system • Gastrointestinal tract

  47. Computed Tomography (CT Scan) • Moving x-ray beam • Image produced on a video monitor of a cross-section through body • Computer generated image reveals more soft tissue detail • kidney & gallstones • Multiple scans used to build 3D views • Most beneficial in screening for lung cancer, coronary artery disease, and kidney cancer

  48. Digital Subtraction Angiography(DSA) • Radiopaque material injected into blood vessels • Before and after images compared with a computer program • Image of blood vessel is shown on a monitor • Can locate blocked blood vessels

  49. Ultrasound (US) • High-frequency sound waves emitted by hand-held device • Safe, noninvasive & painless • Image or sonogram is displayed on video monitor • Used for fetal ultrasound and examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart and blood flow through blood vessels • Also to observe the size, location, and actions of organs and blood flow through blood vessels

  50. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field • Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field • Pulse of radiowaves used to generate an image on video monitor • Can not use on patient with metal in their body • Reveals fine detail within soft tissues • Used to detect tumors, fatty plaques, brain abnormalities, measuring blood flow, and musculoskeletal, liver, and kidney disorders

More Related