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The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648)

The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Civil War In France (1562-1598). Politics, War and Religion. Consequences of the Reformation are terrible for France Henri II ( Son is Francis I) was the last powerful Valois -Many nobles become Protestant Huguenots (Pushing for more power)

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The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648)

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  1. TheWars ofReligion (1560s-1648)

  2. Civil War In France (1562-1598)

  3. Politics, War and Religion • Consequences of the Reformation are terrible for France • Henri II ( Son is Francis I) was the last powerful Valois-Many nobles become Protestant Huguenots (Pushing for more power) -Centered in the non-French speaking South -Crisis deepens from war with Spain 1522-1529 -Francis I is almost bankrupt, although war will eventually strengthen the Crown -Francis’ successors are young and broke

  4. The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End • Three weak sons followed: • Francis II • Charles IX • Henri III • Catherine de Medici controlled the sons: • Was mother to the boys • Played both sides in the civil war • Developed a reputation for cruelty

  5. Catherine de Medici

  6. Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

  7. The French Civil War • There were two sides: • Guise family led Catholics in North • Greatest Threat is the Guise Family who are “ultra” Catholics • Bourbon family led Huguenots in South • Fighting for the royal inheritance • Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase. • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • August 24, 1572 • Catherine tries to marry off her daughter to the protestant Henry of Navarre and the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre results in the death of most Protestants in Paris • 20,000 Huguenots (French Protestants)were killed • Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived • Immense distrust between Prot. And Cath. Results • War and International War for protestant survival

  8. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

  9. War of the 3 Henrys (Henry III, Navarre, Guise) • Henry III dies • Henry Guise assassinated • Henry of Navarre converts to Catholicism and becomes King

  10. The French Civil War • Catherine started supporting the Bourbons. • Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France. • Effects of Civil War: • France was left divided by religion • Royal power had weakened • Valois family now replaced by Bourbons CatholicLeague CIVILWAR ProtestantUnion

  11. Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

  12. Henry IV of France • Ended Spanish interference in France • Converted to Catholicism: • Did this to compromise and make peace • Paris is worth a mass. • This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations] • Fighting for the royal inheritance • Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598: • Granted religious rights to Huguenots • Did not grant religious freedom for all Protestants • Protestants can hold public office and use public institutions • Henry is assassinated paving the way for an absolute monarch

  13. French Wars End and Dutch Wars Begin • England v. Spain in Holland follows French Wars • South is Catholic and North is Calvinist and both are ruled by Spain until North revolts • 1556 HRE Charles V resigns and his Brother Ferdinand II) gets his German territory and his son (Phillip II) gets Spain and Holland

  14. Outcomes in the Netherlands • 1566 Calvinists riot and destroy 30 Churches, libraries and all things Catholic • Duke of Alva and then Duke of Parma ruthlessly reconquer the South (Belgium) • Elizabeth sends 250,000 Pounds Sterling and 2000 troops and Phillip II sends out the Spanish Armada • Smaller, faster English Ships win and Stalemate until 1609 when Holland Is given independence

  15. TheThirty Years War (1618-1648)

  16. 1618-1648

  17. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War • The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. • At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants. • At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened. • Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

  18. 30 Years War • HRE is traditionally elected by 7 Electors (3 Arch-Bishops and 4 Dukes) • 80 Princes, 50 Bishops 30 Counts plus lesser nobles and 66 free cities rule the rest • Reformation adds to the confusion • 1555 Charles V (HRE) and France end a war and Charles abdicates • Charles can’t wipe out protestants • Too well established and too many foreign wars • Peace of Augsburg allows each local ruler to choose the religion for his region (NO CALVINISTS!) (cuius regio, eius religio) • What if somebody changes religion? A/B of Cologne does just that.

  19. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 • Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. • The Bohemians hated him. • Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants. • Defenestration of Prague May, 1618 • Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II. • Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor. • Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria. • Frederick lost his lands in the fighting. • The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others. • Danes invade 1625-29, but Austrian Hapsburgs win and issue the Edict of Restitution to restore all Catholic lands

  20. Bohemian Phase

  21. The Danish Phase: 1625-1629 • Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. • Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman Empire. • Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army. • Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north. • Edict of Restitution (1629): • Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552. • Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights. • German princes feared Ferdinand  he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

  22. Danish Phase

  23. AlbrechtvonWallenstein

  24. The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635 • France & Sweden now get involved. • Both want to stop Habsburg power. • Sweden led the charge. • France provided support. • Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire. • Brilliant General, terrific training and musket drill Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. • Swedish advance was stopped. • Gustavus Wins several battles, but is finally killed by Austrian General Wallenstein • German princes still feared Ferdinand II. • Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.

  25. Swedish Phase

  26. GustavusAdolphus

  27. The French Phase: 1635-1648 • Looks like Catholics will win and Restore Germany to Catholicism • France & Sweden switched roles. • All countries in Europe now participated. • French (Catholics) fear the Austrian House of Hapsburg (also Catholics) will become too powerful • French invade Germany to stop the Austrians (bizarre circumstance of one Catholic state actually preventing a Catholic victory in Germany) • Orgy of burning, looting and destruction follows

  28. The French Phase: 1635-1648 • This phase was most destructive! • German towns decimated. • Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted. • 8 million dead  1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648] • Caused massive inflation. • Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

  29. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

  30. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Political Provisions: • Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor. • Reestablishes Peace of Augsburg (but includes Calvinists) • The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent  so. part remained a Sp. possession. • Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace. • Sweden  got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts. • Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor  Swiss Confederation. • Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp. • Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany.

  31. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Religious Provisions: • Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg. • The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship. • Religious Persecution, particularly of women becomes commonplace

  32. Why the Religious Hysteria? • Women are supposed to manage the home, be obedient, do charitable work and raise children • Women are also viewed as the weaker sex and more vulnerable to the devil • Influential or non-conforming women must be trafficking with the devil • Persecution serves to explain bad fortune, eliminate non-conformists and help to relieve social anxiety about the influence of the devil

  33. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

  34. 1688-1700

  35. Nobody Was Happy! • Many Protestants felt betrayed. • The pope denounced it. • Only merit  it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable! • For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

  36. What were the long-range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?

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