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Introduction to Cardiovascular system

Introduction to Cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular system. Also called the circulatory system Allows blood to circulate and transport Nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes) Oxygen and carbon dioxide Hormones Blood cells To and from the cells in the body to provide

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Introduction to Cardiovascular system

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  1. Introduction to Cardiovascular system

  2. Cardiovascular system • Also called the circulatory system • Allows blood to circulate and transport • Nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes) • Oxygen and carbon dioxide • Hormones • Blood cells • To and from the cells in the body to provide • Nourishment and help in fighting diseases.

  3. Cardiovascular system • Stabilize temperature and pH • Maintain homeostasis. • The study of the blood flow is called hemodynamics.

  4. Cardiovascular system

  5. Cardio vascular system • The heart is a double pump heartarteries arterioles   veinsvenules capillaries

  6. The Heart • Approximately the size of your fist • Location • Superior surface of diaphragm • Left of the midline • Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum

  7. The Heart

  8. Coverings of the Heart • Pericardium – a double-walled sac around the heart composed of: • A superficial fibrous pericardium • A deep two-layer serous pericardium • The parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium • The visceral layer or epicardium lines the surface of the heart • They are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity • Pericardial fluid : 25-30ml

  9. Coverings of the Heart

  10. Coverings of the Heart • The Function of the Pericardium: • Protects and anchors the heart • Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood • Allows for the heart to work in a relatively friction-free environment

  11. Wall of the heart • Epicardium – visceral layer of the serous pericardium • Myocardium – cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart • Endocardium – endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface

  12. Wall of the heart

  13. Wall of the heart • Myocardium • Contractile fibres • Pacemaker fibres • Conductive system

  14. Major Vessels of the Heart Vessels returning blood to the heart include: • Superior and inferior venaecavae • Right and left pulmonary veins Vessels conveying blood away from the heart include: • Pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and left pulmonary arteries • Ascending aorta (three branches) – • Brachiocephalic • Left common carotid • Subclavian arteries

  15. Atria of the Heart • Atria are the receiving chambers of the heart • Each atrium has a protruding auricle • Pectinate muscles mark atrial walls • Blood enters right atria from superior and inferior venaecavae and coronary sinus • Blood enters left atria from pulmonary veins

  16. Ventricles of the Heart • Papillary muscles and trabeculaecarneae muscles mark ventricular walls • Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk • Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta

  17. Myocardial Thickness and Function • Thickness of myocardium varies according to the function of the chamber • Atria are thin walled, deliver blood to adjacent ventricles • Ventricle walls are much thicker and stronger • Right ventricle supplies blood to the lungs (little flow resistance) • Left ventricle wall is the thickest to supply systemic circulation

  18. Heart Valves

  19. Heart Valves • Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart • Atrioventricular (AV) valves lie between the atria and the ventricles • Mitral valve betweenleft atrium and left ventricle • Tricuspid valve between right atrium and right ventricle • AV valves prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract • Chordaetendineaeanchor AV valves to papillary muscles

  20. Heart Valves • Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles • Aortic semilunar valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta • Pulmonary semilunar valve lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

  21. Atrioventricular Valve Function

  22. Semilunar Valve Function

  23. Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs • Right atrium tricuspid valve  right ventricle • Right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve  pulmonary arteries  lungs • Lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium • Left atrium bicuspid (mitral) valve  left ventricle • Left ventricle aortic semilunar valve  aorta • Aorta  systemic circulation

  24. Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs

  25. Microscopic Anatomy of Heart Muscle • Cardiac muscle is striated, short, branched, and interconnected • Intercalated discs anchor cardiac cells together and allow free passage of ions • Heart muscle behaves as a physiological syncytium • Atrialsyncytium • Ventricular syncytium Atrioventricular ring

  26. Muscle fibres

  27. Anterior View

  28. Posterior View

  29. Properties • Chronotropicity • Inotropicity • Dromotropicity • Bathmotropicity

  30. Conducting system

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