STAR Future Plans and Upgrades

1. STAR Future Plans and Upgrades Run 10 Run 11 Beyond Hank Crawford UCB/SSL for the STAR Collaboration Crawford

2. STAR Physics Goals for Run 10 • search for QCD Critical point and for disappearance of signatures seen at top RHIC energy through Beam Energy Scan (BES). • First energy scan from √sNN = 7.7 to 39 GeVAu+Au collisions • Combine with C-AD: machine development for √sNN = 5 GeVAu+Au collisions • study properties of the produced matter using200 GeVAuAu • Collective effects - heavy flavor dynamics • Correlations – ridge, parity violation • “full” jet dynamics – energy loss and modifications in medium • New particles and anti-particles First AuAu run with full Time-of-Flight (TOF) and full DAQ1000 SVT and SSD removed to minimize scattering and background For BES details, see http://drupal.star.bnl.gov/STAR/starnotes/public/sn0493 Crawford

3. STAR Physics Goals for Run 11 pp at 500 and 200 GeV – Exploiting unique RHIC longitudinal and transverse polarization Continue investigation of the origin of spin and the internal structure of the proton using both 500 GeV and 200 GeV polarized pp collisions study hydrodynamic behavior of matter at energy densities up to 50% higher than that achievable with Au+Au collisions in first run with U+U collisions to at 200 GeV Study diffractive physics and search for glueballsat central rapidity in pp2pp program with longitudinally polarized beams Crawford

4. Long Term Physics Goals Verify new state of matter (QGP) through measure of thermalization Search for Chiral Symmetry Restoration Quantify parton dynamics in nuclear collisions: level of parity violation mechanisms involved in energy loss what correlations drive evolution Determine internal structure of proton: origin of spin and probe existence of orbital motion view color force through Drell-Yan pairs virtual quark content through heavy-meson production Parton distribution to low-x Parton dynamics – elastic and inelastic processes Probe large mass objects via large rapidity separation correlations (Δη≈6) Discover new particles and phenomena and follow any leads from BES Crawford

5. STAR Detector (current) MRPC ToF barrel 100% ready for run 10 EMC barrel EMC End Cap BBC FMS FPD TPC PMD Complete Large variety of Identified species Is key to understanding Ongoing DAQ1000 FTPC Full azimuthal particle identification! γ, e, π, ρ, K, K*, p, φ, Λ, Δ, Ξ, Ω, D, ΛC, J/ψ, Υ ,ω… Crawford

6. Particle Identification Charm Bottom Reconstruct particles in full azimuthal acceptance of STAR! Crawford

7. Run 10: STAR TOF – all 120 trays ready TOF enables BES and HFT program TOF 1/β cut rejects hadrons providing nearly complete and accurate electron identification for di-lepton program. US project: Rice, UT-Austin, UCLA, BNL, LBNL China project: USTC, Tsinghua, SINAP, IOPP Wuhan, IMP Langzhou Crawford

8. Run 10: BES: Search for signatures of a phase transition and a critical point. Elliptic & directed flow for charged particles and for identified protons and pions, which have been identified by many theorists as highly promising indicators of a “softest point” in the nuclear equation of state; Azimuthally-sensitive femtoscopy, which adds to the standard HBT observables by allowing the tilt angle of the ellipsoid-like particle source in coordinate space to be measured; these measurements hold promise for identifying a softest point, and complements the momentum-space information revealed by flow measurements Fluctuation measures, indicated by large jumps in the baryon, charge and strangeness susceptibilities, as a function of system temperature – the most obvious expected manifestation of critical phenomena. Crawford

9. Azimuthally-sensitive femtoscopy ε = eccentricity σx2 is the in-plane axis σy2 is the out-of-plane axis Freeze-out anisotropy from 2nd -order oscillations of HBT radii.  All measurements are subject to ~30% systematic uncertainty. Inset shows hydro evolution of source shape for an equation of state with (upper) and without (lower) softening due to finite latent heat. Crawford

10. Fluctuations Sigma-dynamic (σdyn) is a measure of the event-by-event fluctuations in the particle ratio. This fluctuation is expected to be maximized at the CP. K/p K/p Results for K/p are compared to models to remove to general trends. Expected error with 100 k central events Crawford

11. Run 10 : BES: Search for turn-off of new phenomena already established at higher RHIC energies Constituent-quark-number scaling of v2 , indicating partonic degrees of freedom; Hadron suppression in central collisions as characterized by the ratio RCP ; Untriggered pair correlations in the space of pair separation in azimuth and pseudorapidity, which elucidate the ridge phenomenon; Local parity violation in strong interactions, an emerging and important RHIC discovery in its own right, is generally believed to require deconfinement, and thus also is expected to turn-off at lower energies. Crawford

12. V2/nq vsmT scaling Elliptic flow per constituent quark versus transverse mass per constituent quark for Au + Au collisions at 200 GeV at RHIC. See talk by Xin Dong at this meeting Crawford

13. L or B Search for Parity Violation The separation between the same-charge and opposite-charge correlations. - Strong EM fields - De-confinement and Chiral symmetry restoration See talk by Xin Dong at this meeting Crawford

14. QCD Phase Diagram STAR can trace trajectories by measurement of variety of particle yields as a function of energy T and μ are then calculated from the set of yields A schematic representation of the QCD Phase Diagram. The location of the critical point, the separation between the 1st-order transition and chemical freeze-out, and the focusing of the event trajectories towards the critical point, are not based on specific quantitative predictions, but are all chosen to illustrate plausible possibilities. Crawford

15. Run 10: 200 GeV program γ-hadron correlations: a “golden probe” of parton energy loss in the medium Heavy Flavor signals : understand energy loss mechanisms – radiative, collisional Quarkonia: J/Ψ ϒ Projection of uncertainties in Upsilon(1S) RAA for two sets of integrated luminosity. Crawford

16. ~ 21 GeV STAR preliminary pt per grid cell [GeV] η ϕ Full-Jet Reconstruction in heavy-ion collisions at STAR AuAu 10% • Extended the kinematical reach to study jet quenching phenomena to jet energies > 40 GeV in central Au+Au collisions at RHIC • Strong evidence of broadening in the jet energy profile observed • Significant suppression in the di-jet coincidence seen in central Au+Au collisions;suggests strong quenching effects accessible in the current kinematics at RHIC Full-jet reconstruction measurements will greatly benefit from increased statistics to further extend the kinematical reach and quantitatively measure partonic energy loss phenomena at RHIC Crawford

17. Run 10 200 GeVAuAu : Anti-Hypernuclei Hypertriton ANTI-hypertriton Coalescence calculations show we will have measurable sample of anti-alphas and perhaps double-Λ-hypernuclei Upper panels show the invariant mass distribution of helium3 + pion in Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV. Open circles represent the signal candidate distributions, solid black lines are background distributions. Lower panels show the helium3 candidates Z (log((dE/dx)measured/(dE/dx)expected)) distribution from the same data set. See talks by Xin Dong and ZhangbuXu at this meeting Crawford

18. Run 11 pp goals 1. Measure parity-violating AL for mid-rapidity W production at 500 GeV requires 15 pb-1 at P>50% 2. Measure xF dependence of π0 AN and forward jets at 500 Gev requires 6.5 pb-1 at P>50% 3. Begin to Measure γ-jet AN at 200 GeV to see color through sign change wrt SIDIS requires 15 pb-1 at P>65% (full sample required is 30 pb-1) 4. Measure AN for “full” forward jets to separate Collins and Sivers components requires same 15 pb-1 as 3 with FHC 5. Complete map of x dependence of gluon helicity contribution to spin 80 pb-1 required; Run11 increment awaits Run9 analysis Crawford

19. Future inclusive jet ALL sensitivity Projected sensitivities: Run 9 & future 500 GeV running Projected improvement in xΔg from Run 9 • Goal for the current 200 GeV run: • 50 pb-1 @ 60% pol – reduce ALL uncertainties a factor of ~4 • Will provide much stronger constraints on gluon polarization • Goal for future 500 GeV running: • 300 pb-1 @ 70% pol • Extend precision determination to lower xg See Carl Gagliardi talk this meeting Crawford

20. Future: transverse spin forward γ + mid-rapidity jet Bacchetta et al., PRL 99, 212002 See Carl Gagliardi talk this meeting • Conventional calculations predict the asymmetry to have the same sign in SIDIS andγ+jet • Calculations that account for the repulsive interactions between like color charges predict opposite sign • Critical test of our basic theoretical understanding Crawford

21. PP2PP: Future Physics with Tagged Forward Protons Elastic and Inelastic Processes Elastic Scattering: Roman Pots only Central Production: RP + ToF; Tracks in the TPC Phase II - install RPs so that we can run with STAR without special conditions. RPs need to be between DX-D0 magnets. In Phase II hundreds of millions of events can be acquired by running in parallel with STAR

22. Central Production in Double Pomeron Exchange H. Spinka Argonne National Laboratory, USA R. Gill, W. Guryn*, J. Landgraf, T.A. Ljubičič, D. Lynn, R. Longacre, P. Pile, S. Tepikian, K. Yip Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA Y. Gorbunov, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178 I. G. Alekseev, L. I. Koroleva, A. Manaenkova, B. V. Morozov, D. N. Svirida ITEP, Moscow, Russia S. Bueltmann, I. Koralt,S. Kuhn, D. Plyku Old Dominion University, Norfolk, USA G. Eppley, W. J. Llope Rice Univ., Houston A.Sandacz SoltanInstitue for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland J.H. Lee Glueball possible decay channels: Mx Mx MxK+K- Mx (K+K+K-K-

23. STAR Upgrades GMT – GEM Monitoring of tpcTracks - improve TPC tracking FGT – Forward GEM Tracker - provide forward tracking for 500 GeV pp measurements of anti-quark contribution to spin GMT and FGT will be ready for Run 12 HFT – Heavy Flavor Tracker - provide low-mass inner tracking to allow heavy-quark measurements probing thermalization at low pT – Run 14? FHC – Forward HadronCalorimeter - provide forward hadron identification to enable “full” jet reconstruction in separating Collins and Sivers function – Run 10? MTD – MuonTelescope Detector - provide muon identification at mid-rapidity to enable charm suppression study – Run 13? HLT – High Level Trigger - provide online-tracking trigger – Run 11? FMP – Forward Meson Preshower – to allow π0 identification up to 100 GeV and beyond - ?? Crawford

24. STAR Detector - future MTD EMC barrel MRPC ToF barrel 100% ready for run 10 EMC End Cap FMS BBC FPD TPC FHC PMD Completed DAQ1000 HLT Ongoing R&D HFT FGT Crawford

25. GEM Chambers to Monitor the TPC Tracking Calibrations (GMT) • David Underwood • Argonne National Laboratory • Gene VanBuren • Brookhaven National Laboratory • Jim Thomas • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory • Jan Balewski • MIT • Stephen Baumgart, Helen Caines, OanaCatu, Alexei Chikanian, Evan Finch, • John Harris, Mark Heinz, Anders Knospe, Richard Majka, Christine Nattrass, • JoernPutschke, SevilSalur, Jack Sandweiss, Nikolai Smirnov • Yale University With increasing luminosity space charge distortion becomes major correction to TPC tracking. Small GEM cells Replace TOF slat to verify TPC track pointing • Proposalsubmitted Oct. 15, 2007 • Reviewed in Star ~ Oct., 2008 • “The committee therefore recommends unanimously to accept the proposal, and to construct and install the detectors in a timely schedule.” • Updated Proposal Oct., 2008 http://hepwww.physics.yale.edu/star/upgrades/GEM/GMT-2.pdf • Some R&D funding available FY2009 • Schedule: ~2 years to construct and install. Tied to developments for FGT • Cost estimate: ~$140k Crawford

26. 26 FGT Physics motivation - W program • Quark / Anti-Quark Polarization - W production • Key signature: High pT lepton (e-/e+) (Max. MW/2) - Selection of W-/W+ : Charge sign discrimination of high pT lepton - STAR FGT • Required: Lepton/Hadron discrimination - STAR EEMC and FGT Full STAR detector W signal and QCD background simulation completed Crawford

27. 27 Residual: ~70μm Residual [mm] FGT Layout/ GEM Technology Development • Layout / GEM technology • SBIR proposal (Phase I/II): Established commercial GEM foil source (Tech-Etch Inc.) • FNAL testbeamofthree prototype triple-GEM chambersincludingAPV25 chip readout • Performance meets requirements! HFT FGT Procurement and test offull triple-GEM quarter sectioninprogress New WEST support structure Crawford

28. 28 FGT Schedule and Milestones • Overview • Goal: Complete FGT construction in ~fall 2010 followed by full system test and subsequent full installation in ~summer 2011⇒ Ready for anticipated first long 500GeV polarized pp run in FY12 • Review: Successful review January 2008 / Beginning of construction funds FY08 • Cost estimate / planning / milestones: R&D and pre-design work: FY07 / FY08 • Triple-GEM Detector: Complete prototype tested (Bench and FNAL testbeam) • Front-End Electronics (FEE) System: Complete prototype tested / FEE design completed • Data Acquisition (DAQ) System: Layout exists based on similar DAQ sub-detector systems with extensive experience (ANL/IUCF) • Mechanical pre-design completed: Triple-GEM detector and new support structure • GEM foil development: Successful development of industrially produced GEM foils through SBIR proposal in collaboration with Tech-Etch Inc. (BNL, MIT, Yale University) • Critical: Timely FGT DOE construction funds: FY08, FY09 and FY10 Bernd Surrow Crawford

29. Forward Hadron Calorimeter (FHC) Real jet physics with FMS + FHC (EM+had) Lambdanπ0 (+other hadons possible) Photon (isolation) = recycle BNL-AGS-E864 hadron calorimeter detectors Refurbished and used by PHOBOS Estimated statistical precision for uncertainty in analyzing power for p+pjet + X at s = 200 GeV. Crawford

30. FHC Timeline • Proposal review in STAR – expect approval soon • If approved, we can install for RHIC run 10  • move entire stacks from PHOBOS (IP10) to STAR assembly building after run 9 ends • move one entire stack to “north side” using tunnel access doors. • unstack/restack in place for “south side” due to no tunnel access. 30 Crawford

31. High Level Trigger (HLT) Examples of Physical Potential • Heavy flavor measurements. • Physics addressed : the mechanism of fast thermal equilibration. • Information used in trigger : dE/dx and tracking from TPC & HFT, High tower from BEMC and/or TOF hits.  • Large pt spectra and correlation for identified particles. • Physics addressed : Energy loss, Hadronization etc. • Information used in trigger : tracking from TPC, TOF. • Anti-matter production. • Physics addressed : Understanding the fundamentals of our universe. • Information used in trigger : dE/dx from TPC, High tower from BEMC. Run 9 p+p 200 GeV, May 19 - 25

32. MUON Telescope Detector (MTD) at STAR To detect charged particles that do not range out in the return steel of the STAR magnet – primarily muons – and use their TPC momentum and MTD/TOF velocity to reconstruct quarkonia. Brookhaven National Laboratory Ken Asselta, Bill Christie, LijuanRuan, John Scheblein, Robert Soja, ZhangbuXu University of California, Berkeley Hank Crawford, Jack Engelage Rice University Geary Eppley, Bill Llope, Ted Nussbaum University of Science and Technology of China Hongfang Chen, Cheng Li, Yongjie Sun, Zebo Tang Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Xiang-Zhou Cai, Fu Jin, Yu-Gang Ma, Chen Zhong Texas A&M University SaskiaMioduszewski University of Texas -- Austin Jerry Hoffmann, Jo Schambach Tsinghua University Yi Wang, Xiaobin Wang Yale University Guoji Lin, Richard Majka Crawford

33. MTD status Prototypes tested in runs 8 and 9 Expect full proposal in FY10 Installation for Run 13 Crawford

34. 2 0.5 3 HFT upgrade in STAR • Heavy quark is one of the ideal probes to quantify the properties of the hot dense medium created in relativistic heavy ion collisions. • Heavy quark program at RHIC/STAR is underway. Present physics conclusions are rather qualitative. • With detector upgrades, STAR will be able to perform precision measurements on open charm and quarkonia measurements in p+p, p(d)+A, and A+A collisions. • Precision measurements via direct reconstruction of displayed vertices and particle identification over 2pi covering low and high pT • SSD (existing double sided strip detector) is outer layer • IST is a layer of silicon strip • PIXEL is 2 inner layers of high resolution Pixel (MAPS) (18*18 mm) and thin 0.4% Xo per layer ~ 30 microns pointing resolution at 0.7 GeV/c ~ 30 microns secondary vertex resolution (large p) Crawford

35. Physics Projections with HFT+TOF Charm energy loss => Energy loss mechanisms, Medium properties Charm collectivity => Medium properties, light flavor thermalization Crawford

36. HFT status • R&D for the pixel sensors, readout and support structure has been successfully carried out over several years. • Design and layout mature. • Technical driven schedule for project • Received CD-0 Feb. 2009 • Aim for CD-1 review in Sept 2009 • Engineering prototype installed for run-12 • Completed for run-14 Crawford

37. Summary Run 10 AuAu : BES has high international interest BES should provide many clues to onset of new state of matter New TOF and DAQ100 will lead to much improved understanding of highest RHIC energy collisions including jet reconstruction and di-lepton signatures with energy loss for correlated particles Run 11 pp at 500 and 200 GeV: clear separation of Collins and Sivers effects mid-rapidity W signals gamma-jet AN and di-jet ALL Run 12: GMT and FGT will give sea-quark spin contribution through forward and mid-rapidity W+W- Future includes HFT and understanding of thermalization Crawford

38. Backup slides Crawford

39. A future challenge The Spin Puzzle The proton is viewed as being a “bag” of bound quarks and gluons interacting via QCD Spins + orbital angular momentum need to give the observed spin 1/2 of proton Fairly well measured only ~30% of spin Being measured at RHIC Crawford

40. Probing the Sea through Ws • Reconstruct Ws through e+ ande- decay channels • V-A coupling leads to perfect spin separation • Neutrino helicity gives preferred direction in decay Measure parity violating single helicity asymmetry AL (Helicity flip in one beam while averaging over the other) Crawford

41. Experimentally Measuring ALL Concurrent Measurements: Numbers of ObservablesNijReconstructed for Different Bunch Patterns Relative Luminosity R from BBC Coincidence Rates for different Bunch Patterns Polarization of Beams (magnitude from CNI Polarimeters, direction of polarization vector from combination CNI Polarimeters, BBC) Crawford

42. First look at “jet-like” events using FMS Event selection done with: • >15 detectors with energy > 0.4GeV in the event • (no single pions in the event) • cone radius = 0.5 (eta-phi space) • “Jet-like” pT > 1 GeV/c ; xF > 0.2 • 2 perimeter fiducial volume cut (small/large cells) ANjet is only sensitive to Sivers Hadron correlation with in jet for Collins effect Crawford arXiv:0901.2828 (NikolaPoljack – SPIN08)

43. MTD prototype tests • MTD hits: matched with real high pT tracks from TPC • μz distribution has two components: • narrow (muon) and broad (hadron) • spatial resolution (narrow Gaussian) • ~10 cm at pT> 2 GeV • narrow to broad ratio is ~2; can be • improved with dE/dx and TOF cut Crawford

44. MTD Multi-Resistive-Plate-Chamber (MRPC) cells Long MRPC Technology with double-end readout HV: 6.3 KV gas mixture: 95% Freon + 5% isobutane time resolution: ~ 60 ps spatial resolution: ~ 1cm efficiency: > 95% Crawford

45. GMT - GEM Monitoring of TPC Tracking • With increasing luminosity space charge distortion becomes major correction to TPC tracking. • Exciting new physics opportunities will become available in STAR with higher luminosity • Many of these rely on precision tracking in the TPC. • Separation of J/Ψ states, • high Pt tracking for jet studies , upsilon, W • possible tracking triggers (fast filters) • good pointing resolution to the silicon detectors at inner radius for charm reconstruction. Crawford

46. GMT detail Distance in RPhi between hit at Tof and TPC track crossing point (DToF, cm). Constraining corrections using a measurement at outer radius is best done at h~0 and h~1 Z at ToF radius, cm 40x1026 cm-2 * s-1 200. 1026 cm-2 * s-1 at 0.5T field, a 5(10) GeV/c track crossing from the inner TPC pad row to the outer pad row will have a sagitta of 6.3 (3.2) mm ~twice that if primary vtx and/or PIXEL is used in fit Since Dpt/pt ~ Ds/s, need to correct distortions to sub mm level to maintain good momentum resolution. 100. 0. -1. 0. 1. D at ToF, cm Crawford

47. GMT status: Proposal to Install GEM Chambers to Monitor the TPC Tracking Calibrations (GMT) David Underwood Argonne National Laboratory Gene VanBuren Brookhaven National Laboratory Jim Thomas Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Jan Balewski MIT Stephen Baumgart, Helen Caines, OanaCatu, Alexei Chikanian, Evan Finch, John Harris, Mark Heinz, Anders Knospe, Richard Majka, Christine Nattrass, JoernPutschke, SevilSalur, Jack Sandweiss, Nikolai Smirnov Yale University • Proposalsubmitted Oct. 15, 2007 • Reviewed in Star ~ Oct., 2008 • “The committee therefore recommends unanimously to accept the proposal, and to construct and install the detectors in a timely schedule.” • Updated Proposal Oct., 2008 http://hepwww.physics.yale.edu/star/upgrades/GEM/GMT-2.pdf • Some R&D funding available FY2009 • Schedule: ~2 years to construct and install. Tied to developments for FGT • Cost estimate: ~$140k http://hepwww.physics.yale.edu/star/upgrades/GEM/GMT-2.pdf Crawford

48. Forward Heavy Mesons in FMS FHC adds other mesons and baryons ω (from π0γ) η from π0π0 J/Ψ from e+e- Crawford

49. Photon-Jet at STAR If photon goes to FMS We benefit from ALL But we may lose from pT Jet: |η|<0.8, pT>5 GeV Photon: 1.08<η<2.0, pT>7 GeV back to back in plane • Clean probe of qginteraction • Signal requires more luminosity than dijet measurements: em* s vs. s* s • Want to focus on asymmetric partonic collisions: high-x quark and low-x gluons with the detected in the direction of the incident quark here the cross section and asymmetry is maximized • Shower Maximum Detector (SMD) shower shape & Monte Carlo normalization analysis in progress D.Staszak Crawford

50. Fluctuation Observables If we pass through a QCD phase transition, we expect a change in the number of degrees of freedom and a corresponding change in particle number fluctuations. We measure the number of pions, kaons, protons, etc in each event and form ratios to cancel volume effects. We then look at fluctuations in the event-by-event ratios as a function of collision energy to find the critical point for QGP<->hadron gas transition. Crawford