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Understanding Drug Sources, Schedules, and Dosages

This article provides an overview of drug sources, including plants, animals, minerals, synthetic compounds, and genetically engineered pharmaceuticals. It also discusses drug legislation, controlled substances, and drug dosages. Learn about the differences between brand name drugs and generic drugs.

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Understanding Drug Sources, Schedules, and Dosages

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  1. UNIT 7 Drug Sources, Schedules, and Dosages

  2. Key Terms Abuse Addiction Administer Bioassay Biologics Biotechnology Controlled substance Dispense Genetic engineering Narcotic Pharmacopeia Narcotic Practitioner Prescribe

  3. Subdivisions of Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Pharmacognosy Pharmacogenetics Pharmacokinetics Pharmacotherapeutics Toxicology

  4. Uses for Drugs Therapeutic Diagnostic Curative Replacement Prophylactic/preventive

  5. Drug Names Chemical Formula that denotes chemical composition of drug Generic Official name Brand Trade name given by manufacturer

  6. Drug Names Discussion Question: How would you explain the difference between a brand name drug and a generic drug to a patient?

  7. Drug Sources Plants Animals Minerals Synthetic Genetically engineered/biologics

  8. Drug Sources Plants Plants have been used as a source of medication since time began May use leaves, roots, stems, or fruit Examples: digitalis, iodine, Cenestin Animals Very few drugs Made from fluids, tissues, organs, or glands of animals Example: Premarin (continues)

  9. Drug Sources Minerals Naturally occurring substances Highly purified form Example: sulfur (continues)

  10. Drug Sources Synthetic Combination of various chemicals May be identical to natural drug or totally unique Can be produced in great volume Less expensive than natural drugs Examples: Chloromycetin, sulfathiazole (continues)

  11. Drug Sources Genetically engineered pharmaceuticals Biotechnology Used in health care, agriculture, and industry Utilizes gene splicing/DNA Examples: Humulin, Activase, Nutropin, Pulmozyme (continues)

  12. Drug Sources Biologics Vaccines Blood and blood products Recombinant therapeutic proteins Examples: Amevive, Herceptin, Orencia, Remicade

  13. Drug Legislation All legal drugs controlled by Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act Protects purity, strength, and composition of food, drugs, devices, and cosmetics FDA responsible for enforcement

  14. Controlled Substances Act For any drug with potential for addiction or abuse, it controls Manufacture Importation Compounding Selling Dealing or giving away (continues)

  15. Controlled Substances Act DEA responsible for enforcement Practitioners must register with DEA Must renew registration every 3 years

  16. Controlled Substances Record keeping Must be kept separately from other records Must be maintained on a daily basis Must be kept for minimum 2 years Security Must be kept away from other drugs Keep under double lock Minimum employee access Narcotic keys must be protected

  17. Schedule I Not legal for use in United States High potential for abuse Examples: heroin, LSD, hashish

  18. Schedule II High potential for abuse Legal medical uses in United States Examples: Demerol, morphine, Ritalin

  19. Schedule III Low to moderate potential for physical dependency High potential for psychological dependency Examples: Marinol, barbiturates, paregoric

  20. Schedule IV Low potential for abuse as compared to Schedule III Accepted medical use in United States Examples: Valium, chloral hydrate, Clonopin

  21. Schedule V Lowest potential for abuse Accepted medical use in the United States Examples: Lomotil, Robitussin A-C, Donnagel

  22. Drug References/Resources USP/NF: official list of standardized drugs Published every 5 years PDR: for health professionals Supplements available throughout year PDR Nurse’s Drug Handbook Published annually (continues)

  23. Drug References/Resources Product information insert Provided by the drug manufacturer Drugs @ FDA Official Web site of FDA, DHHS, and CDER Searchable catalog of FDA-approved drug products (prescription and OTC) Updated daily with marketing status

  24. Drug Dosage Factors to consider Weight, age, and gender Pregnancy/lactation Physical or emotional condition Disease process/presence of another disease process Causative microorganism and infection severity Past medical history Safest method, route, time, and amount for desired effect

  25. Drug Dosage Discussion Questions: What is the difference between a lethal dose and a toxic dose? What is the difference between a maintenance dose and a therapeutic dose?

  26. Types of Dosages Initial Average Loading Maintenance Minimum Maximum Therapeutic Divided Unit Cumulative Lethal Toxic

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