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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Blood. Blood – General Characteristics. Blood is C.T. Plasma = Liquid Matrix 55% Plasma, 45% Formed Elements (Cells) Hematopoiesis (Stem Cells in Bone Marrow give rise to Cell types). General Characteristics continued. Avg. Vol. = 5 liters pH = 7.35 to 7.45

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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  1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Blood

  2. Blood – General Characteristics • Blood is C.T. • Plasma = Liquid Matrix • 55% Plasma, 45% Formed Elements (Cells) • Hematopoiesis (Stem Cells in Bone Marrow give rise to Cell types)

  3. General Characteristics continued • Avg. Vol. = 5 liters • pH = 7.35 to 7.45 • Formed (cellular) Elements: • Erythrocytes (RBCs) • Leukocytes (WBCs) • Thrombocytes (Platelets)

  4. Blood - Functions • Transports (Gases, Nutrients, Hormones, Wastes) • Regulates pH & Electrolyte Balance in Interstitial Fluid • Prevents Fluid Loss from Bleeding • Defends against Pathogens & Toxins • Aids in Body Temperature Regulation

  5. Components - Plasma • Liquid Component of Blood • 91% Water • 7% Proteins: • Albumins (Most Abundant, Osmotic Pressure) • Globulins (Antibodies, Transport Proteins, Lipoproteins) • Fibrinogen (Clotting) • 2% Inorganic Salts, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Hormones, Gases, Wastes, etc.

  6. Components - Erythrocytes • Red Blood Cells (RBCs) • Most Abundant Blood Cell • Anucleate when mature • Biconcave Discs (shaped like “LifeSaver”) • Shape increases Surface Area/Volume Ratio • Live 120 Days

  7. Erythrocytes - continued • Hemoglobin (Hb) • Red Pigment • Contains 4 Heme Groups (Fe++) • Reversibly binds Oxygen • In High [O2], Binds O2  OxyHb (Bright Red) • In Low [O2 ], Releases O2 DeoxyHb (Darker)

  8. Erythrocytes - continued • Hematocrit = % RBCs in Blood • RBC Count = 5 million/mm3 • 2 millionproduced/second • Humans have over a trillion RBCs • Blood is viscous (4X thicker than water) • Production  with  O2 or Blood Loss

  9. Fate of Erythrocytes • Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins • Wear out in 100 to 120 days • Removed by phagocytes in the spleen or liver • New RBCs made by stem cells in bone marrow

  10. Erythrocyte Disorders • Anemia (RBC or Hb Deficiency) • Hemorrhagic (Blood Loss) • Hemolytic (RBC Destruction) • Aplastic ( Bone Marrow Function) • Sickle Cell (Inherited Hb Mutation) • Polycythemia (Abnormal  in RBCs) •  Viscosity & B.P. with  O2 Delivery • Cyanosis, Blood Clots

  11. Components - Leukocytes • White Blood Cells (WBCs) • Defend Against Microbes • Use Blood for Transport, But Occur Mostly Outside Circ. System in Tissues • Diapedesis – Squeeze through Capillary Walls • Ameboid Motion to move once outside bloodstream

  12. Diapedesis of WBCs

  13. Leukocytes - continued • Chemotaxis (positive) – Chemicals released from sites of damage or inflammation attract WBCs • Phagocytosis – ingestion of bacteria, debris • Five Types Based on: • Size • Nuclear Shape • Cytoplasmic Granules • Affinity for Stain

  14. Positive Chemotaxis in WBCs

  15. Types of Leukocytes • L to R: lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil

  16. Leukocyte Types • Granulocytes • Cytoplasmic Granules • Differential Staining of Granules • Approx. 2X Size of RBC • 3 Types: • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils

  17. Granulocytes • Neutrophils • 65% of Circulating WBCs • Nucleus has 2-5 Lobes • Neutral Rxn to Stain (Light Pink to Purple) • Phagocytes •  in Bacterial Infections

  18. Types of Leukocytes • L to R: lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil

  19. Leukocyte Types - continued *Eosinophils (Acidophil) • 1-3% of Circulating WBCs • Orange/Red Granules (Acidic Rxn) • Bilobed Nucleus • Active in Detoxifying Foreign Proteins •  in Allergies, Parasitic Infections

  20. Types of Leukocytes • L to R: lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil

  21. Leukocyte Types - continued • Basophils • ½ - 1% of Circulating WBCs • Dark Blue/Black Granules (Basic Rxn) • Granules Contain Histamine

  22. Types of Leukocytes • L to R: lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil

  23. Leukocyte Types - continued • Agranulocytes • No Staining Granules • 2 Types: • Monocytes • 3-9% in Circulating WBCs • Largest WBC • Nucleus is Kidney-bean, oval in shape • Become Phagocytic Macrophages

  24. Types of Leukocytes • L to R: lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil

  25. Leukocyte Types - continued • Lymphocytes • 30% Circulating WBCs • Smallest WBC • Large, Spherical Nucleus, Little Cytoplasm • Produce Antibodies • Include: B-cells, T-cells, & Natural Killer cells

  26. Leukocyte Disorders • Normal WBC Count 5,000 – 10,000/mm3 • Leukemia – Uncontrolled Production of WBCs with Immature WBCs in Circulation • Myeloid (  Granulocytes from Myeloid Stem Cells) • Lymphoid (  Lymphocytes from Lymphoid Stem Cells)

  27. Components - Thrombocytes • Cellular fragments (Megakaryocytes reside in bone marrow) • 300,000/mm3 • Active in Hemostasis • Contain actin & myosin; able to contract

  28. Hematopoiesis (Hemopoiesis) • Process of Blood Cell Formation • Occurs in Yolk Sac (embryo), Liver & Spleen (fetus); Red Bone Marrow(adult) • Involves Stem Cells (Hemocytoblasts) & Series of Steps • Erythropoietin = Kidney Hormone,  RBCs

  29. Hemostasis • Stoppage of Bleeding • Fast & localized • Involves many clotting factors • 3 Phases: • Vascular Spasm • Narrows vessel, decreasing flow & loss • Caused by damage to vessel or neurotransmitter from platelets

  30. Steps in Hemostasis

  31. Hemostasis - continued • Platelet Plug • Platelets Become Sticky & Adhere to Endothelium, Collagen, & to One Another • Coagulation (Blood Clotting) • Most Effective, But Delayed

  32. Steps in Hemostasis

  33. Coagulation • Complex, Multi-substance, Multi-step • Formation ofProthrombinActivator (PA) as a result of damaged tissue & platelets • PA (with Ca2+ & other factors) converts Prothrombin into Thrombin • Thrombin assembles Fibrinogen into Fibrin (Insoluble)

  34. Steps in Hemostasis

  35. Coagulation - continued • Fibrin Sticks to Damaged Edges, Forms Meshwork • Platelets, Blood Cells Stick to Meshwork, Clot Forms • Clot Retracts, Squeezes out Serum (plasma minus fibrinogen, & other clotting factors), pulling damaged edges together

  36. Abnormal Clot Formation • Thrombus – Clot Formed in Uninjured Vessel • Embolus – Thrombus, Broken Loose & Moved • Pulmonary Embolism (Lung Clot, Formed Elsewhere) • Coronary Embolism (Clot in Coronary Vessel, Formed Elsewhere)

  37. Thrombus in Artery

  38. Human Blood Types • Inherited • Involves Identifying Antigens on cell membrane of RBCs (Agglutinogens) • Must Avoid Agglutination (RBC Clumping due to Antigen-Antibody Reaction) • ABO and Rh Typing Significant in Transfusions

  39. ABO Typing - continued • ABO Typing Based on 2 Agglutinogens: • A Antigen & B Antigen • 4 Types: • Type A • A Antigen Only • 41% of US • Type B • B Antigen Only • 9% US

  40. ABO Typing - continued • Type AB • Both A & B Antigens • 3% US • Universal Recipient • Type O • Neither Antigen • 47% US • Universal Donor

  41. ABO Typing - continued • Antibodies (Agglutinins) • In Plasma • Appear Spontaneously After Birth • Only produced if the antigen is foreign • React with antigen if the 2 are mixed • 2 Types: • Anti-A (in Types B, O) • Anti-B (in Types A, O)

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