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Explore Spain's conquest of America, from Cortes' Aztec triumph to Pizarro's Inca conquest, and the Spanish settlements across the continent.
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The Spanish Claim a New Empire Spanish explorers would take to the seas to claim new colonies for Spain. Lured by the prospect of land and precious metals the explorers known as conquistadors (conquerors) pushed first into the Caribbean then Central and South America. One of the most famous of these conquistadors was Hernando Cortes.
Conquest of Mexico • In 1519 the Spanish government asked Hernan Cortes to lead an expedition to the Yucatan Peninsula to find new people who could be forced to work on the farms and mines of Cuba. • Soon after arriving in Mexico he would encounter the Aztec and learned also of a wealthy empire.
Cortes had a woman who helped by translating the Native American language who was she? • Malinche- later baptized and giving the name Marina.
Cortes set out to conquer the Aztec with a force of 600 soldiers, 17 horses numerous dogs, and 10 cannons. After marching for weeks through difficult terrain he would arrive at the Aztec capital. Convinces at first that Cortes god the Aztec emperor Montezuma agreed to give the Spanish explorer a share of the empire’s gold. After learning that the Aztecs were at war with other Native Americans, Cortes recruited some of them to join him in fighting the Aztecs. Montezuma, the Aztec leader failed to stop Cortes and he would take the Aztec capital.
What group would he encounter? • Aztec • Why did the Spanish have an advantage over the Native Americans? • Technological advantage by having swords, guns, crossbows and cannons • What other factor beside superior weapons allowed Cortes to conquer the Aztec? • Disease
In 1520 the Aztec priest organized a rebellion against the Spanish and drove them out of the capital. 450 Spaniards would die and some 4,000 Aztecs became known as the Noche Triste “Sad Night”. Cortes would counterattack and defeat the Aztec.
Spain Expands • After capturing and destroying the Aztec capital Cortes would order a new city named what? • Mexico- Became the capital of the Spanish colony of New Spain • Cortes would continue to send expeditions into present-day Mexico and Central America.
Francisco Pizarro • One of the conquistadors who explored the Peruvian Andes and found and later conquered what empire? • Incas
He would enter Peru around 1526. After the Spanish king gave permission to conquer the Incas, Pizarro would return to Peru in 1531 with just a small force. • He would find out that the Incas had a powerful leader-Atahualpa.
Cities of Gold • What is the cities of gold? • Rumors about a wealthy city that came from Pizarro’s success in Peru.
In 1528 Panfilo de Narvez searched northern Florida for the city of gold. Found nothing. • Would return to ship and sail west toward the coastline of Texas ships would encounter a storm and ship wreck off Texas coast.
Francisco Coronado- led an expedition throughout the southwestern part of the United States In search of veins of silver. He found nothing.
Hernando de Soto- would explore Florida, North Carolina, Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas, and Texas. Would be buried in Mississippi River.
In 1513 on Easter Sunday a day the Spaniards called pascua or feast of flowers explorer Juan Ponce de León founded the land that he named La Florida . He was in search of new lands and treasures. He had also heard of a mythical fountain of youth. Indians spoke of a legendary, magical spring whose water was believed to make older people young again. Ponce de León explored many areas, including the Bahamas and Bimini, for both gold and the mythical fountain, but he never found either.
Spain had always been concerned about the French establishing colonies in North America. • So in 1565 they built and established a town where? • St. Augustine • Florida to protect their claim to the region, • Oldest city in America. • The Spanish would also establish a mission in Texas to attempt to block the French expansion into the region.
New Mexico • Spanish would give the name to the territory north of New Spain the name of New Mexico. • They would build presidios. • What is a presidio? • Fort • They would be built to protect the Spanish people in the area and serve as a place for the missions so the Christian faith could be spread to the Native Americans.
Spanish Settlements • In 1769 a Spanish missionary led by the Franciscan priest Junipero Serra took control of California by establishing a chain of missions from San Diego to San Francisco.
A road called El Camino Real or the Royal Highway linked the missions together.
Spanish Mission’s in Florida Pedro Menendez had other goals about colonizing Florida besides his economic and military concerns; one was a desire to convert the native inhabitants of the region to Catholicism. Missions were important to the civil leaders of Florida for reasons other than conversion of the natives. They served as a mechanism through which the Spanish could strengthen their political and social control over the natives.
Spanish American Society • Most of the conquistadors were low-ranking nobles were called what? • HIDALGOS or working-class trades-people. • Their main motive for coming to America was to acquire wealth and prestige.
After Cortes defeated the Aztec empire he rewarded his men by grating them control over some part of the empire. • This was called what? • ENCOMIENDA • Each one who were these commissioners were given control over a group of Native Americans who had to pay them with crops gold and anything else they wanted.
Spanish Society or Class System • Birth, income, and education determined a person’s position. • The highest level was called what? • Peninsulares- people (mostly men)who had been born in Spain and who were appointed to most of the higher government church positions.
Spanish Society or Class System • Next were the criollos- who were they? • Those born in the colonies of Spanish parents. • Mestizos- who were they? • They were mixed Spanish and Native Americans. (Their descendants live in Mexico today) • Lowest level was Native Americans, Africans, and people of mixed Spanish and Africa.
Pope’s Rebellion 1 One of the Native American leaders to fill the whip of the Spanish was the Pueblo religious leader Pope’. Was punished by the Spanish for practicing as they called it witchcraft. They would whipping left him scarred with hatred and would eventually end up in a rebellion against the Spanish.
Why did the Native Americans Of New Mexico revolt against the Spanish settlers? Because the settlers had forced the Native Americans to pay tribute to those who failed to pay this tribute or were caught practicing their native religion were abused.
French Empire in America • In 1524 the French king sent Giovanni da Verrazano to map North America coastline. The king was interested in finding the Northwest Passage. • Verrazano never found the passage he did map a large area of North America’s east coast.
Jacques Cartier- Discovered and mapped the St. Lawrence River. • By 1600 fur, particularly beaver fur had become fashionable in Europe. As the demand increased for the fur. • The fur trade became an important trade for the French.
French • Samuel de Champlain- Established fur trade in Canada- mapmaker and sailor. • Established a French colony in Nova Scotia and founded Quebec which became the capital of New France. • New France was founded for the fur trade. • Settlers were not needed to clear land or start farms.
Most of the fur traders, known as coureurs de bois did not live in the colony but among the Native Americans with whom they traded with.
France Expands • In 1663 New France became a royal colony. • The French government then introduced a series of projects designed to increase the colony’s population. • The government also began exploring North America.
Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette explored the Mississippi River. • Marquette- Missionary • Robert de La Salle- would follow the Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico and claimed the region which he named Louisiana.
Louisiana • Count Frontenac- the governor of New France hoped to ship furs to France by the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. • French did not permanently settle the region until 1698 when Lord d’Iberville founded Biloxi. • Next few years French would start to build up the area and establish forts along Mississippi and develop cities, New Orleans, Mobil and of course Biloxi.
England Interest in America • John Cabot-in 1497 King Henry VII of England sent Cabot to discover and find isles, countries, regions, or provinces. Cabot had hoped to find a western route to Asia. • Cabot landed somewhere near Nova Scotia, then sailed southward along the “barren shores” and wooden coasts of America. • The English did not try to colonize America for the next 80 years.
England Takes Interest in America • There was no compelling reason for anyone in England to migrate to America. • Spanish had already claimed America and their claim had already been upheld by the Pope. • England and Spain were both allies against France. • Any English attempt to settle America would have angered the Spanish and this would upset the alliance of the two countries.
An English Settlement at Jamestown The first permanent English settlement in North American was founded at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. John Smith was a self proclaimed soldier of fortune, a sea captain and a poet. At age of 20 would fight with Hungary in a war with the Turks. He would be offered a knighthood by the Hungarians for his bravery.
England Returns to America • In 1576 an Englishman named Martin Frobisher took 3 ships to America in search for a northwest passage. • He would make two more trips and would never find the route it would be two decades before the English would return to America. • With the Reformation changing the balance of powers in Europe. • England would become the leading Protestant power while Spain would become the defender of Catholicism. • The once allies would now be enemies.
England Returns to America • When the Spanish tried to stop the spread of Protestantism in the Netherlands which was part of the Spanish Empire, the Dutch would rebel. • England would come to the aid of the Dutch. • Queen Elizabeth allowed privateersto attack Spanish ships. • What are privateers? • Privately owned ships licensed by the government to attack ships other countries.
For England to more easily attack Spanish ships in the Caribbean, England needed to establish colonies nearby in order to establish bases. • Sir Humphrey Gilbert – 1578 well known English solider received a charter from Queen Elizabeth to create a colony in America. • Gilbert made two attempts and both failed. • Gilbert died at sea.
Sir Walter Raleigh- Gilbert’s half brother persuaded Queen Elizabeth to renew Gilbert’s charter in his name. • He would explore the coastline of America. • His ships would land on Roanoke an island along what is North Carolina. Impressed with Raleigh’s discovery the queen would knight him. • In honor of the queen Raleigh would name the land Virginia- since Elizabeth was known as “the Virgin Queen”.
Lost Colony • In 1585 Raleigh would send about 100 men to settle on Roanoke. • Yet after a hard winter the unhappy colonist would return to England. • In 1587 Raleigh would try again. • He would send 91 men, 17 women and 9 children to Roanoke.
The governor of the settlement would return to England for supplies. • He told the settlers that if they were not there when he returned the following year, they should leave a cross carved in a tree symbolizing attack by Native Americans or leave the name of a location if they had moved. • When he had returned to look for the settlers, he found the word COAN carved into the tree. • THE LOST COLONY
Economic Changes in England • English merchants needed new markets for their surplus of wool. • So many of the investors would pool their money for large projects, this is called what? • Joint-stock companies • The development of joint-stock companies meant that English merchants could afford to trade with, and colonize, other parts of the world without government financing. Start 3
On December 20, 1606 the company would send 3 small ships the Susan Constant, Godspeed and Discovery and 144 men to Virginia. • They would find what colony? • Jamestown- named in honor of King James I. • Unfortunately where they settled was not a good place it was too close to the sea. • The land was swampy and swarming with malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
Jamestown Problems • City people. • Knew nothing about living in the woods and the abundant fish and game around them. • Knew nothing about raising livestock or agricultural. • Upper-class refused to work. • Jamestown’s governing council argued constantly and could not make a decisions. • Lawlessness, sickness, and food shortages all took their toll. • Out of the 200 settlers that arrived in the colony only 53 were alive at the end of the first year.
Jamestown • John Smith was a member of Jamestown’s governing council he would emerge as the only strong leader. • He persuaded the Powhatan people to provide food for the colonist of Jamestown.1607 Native Americans had captured him and prepared to kill him. • Who would save John Smith from the Powhatan?
Pocahontas • Pocahontasshe was only 11 and was the daughter Chief Wahunsenacawh of the Powhatan. • The Chief never trusted the English and his daughter interacted with the English. • What factors contributed to the near failure of Jamestown? • Disease the unwillingness of many colonist to work the hostile efforts of the Powhatan.
Jamestown • .Virginia Company would appoint a new governor Thomas West-Lord De La Warr who would have absolute authority. • The company would entice settlers to come and work the colony. • In August 1609 some 600 new settlers would arrive. Of the 600 only 60 survived. • Why was this a bad time to arrive?
Horrors of Jamestown • Had no leadership since John Smith had returned to England. • The winter of 1609-1610 was horrible became known as “Starving Winter” • Colonist ate rats, snakes, dogs, toadstools, and horsehides. • Some even dug up the graves and ate humans.
