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Chapter 1 Colonizing America

Chapter 1 Colonizing America. Section 1 North America Before Columbus. No one knows for certain when 1 st humans arrived in N. America. Evidence shows they arrived between 15,000- 30,000 yrs ago Probably came over Land Bridge of Bering Strait during Ice Age

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Chapter 1 Colonizing America

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  1. Chapter 1Colonizing America Section 1 North America Before Columbus

  2. No one knows for certain when 1st humans arrived in N. America • Evidence shows they arrived between 15,000- 30,000 yrs ago • Probably came over Land Bridge of Bering Strait during Ice Age • Most were Nomadic hunters following food • Between 9000-10,000 yrs ago- they settled down

  3. Learned to grow crops Settled in Central and South America Area called  1st believed civilization was the Olmec Settled in  Lived in large villages and built  Olmec lasted until 300 BC Olmec ideas influenced other civilizations including Teotihuacan Near present-day  Built up trade network of Obsidian Teotihuacan lasted until 650 AD Results of Nomadic Settlement

  4. 200 AD- Maya 1200 AD- Aztec 300 AD Hohokam 700 AD- Anasazi The Southwest The Pacific Coast The Mississippian The Southeast The Great Plains The Algonquin The Iroquois Other Civilizations

  5. Section 2- European Exploration • 2 Factors helped fuel Age of Exploration: 1). 2). • During Middle Ages- Euros traded w/ Arabs and Asians for luxury items - Spices- fruits- silk • W/ wealth from Renaissance and tech from Sci. Rev.- Euros looked for 

  6. Scientific Advances • Most Knowledge acquired from  • Euros developed the astrolabe- navigational tool also used to  • Euros also perfected design for ships • Added triangular sails to  • Developed a caravel – ship that traveled in shallow water • Pg 15

  7. Portuguese were 1st major Euro explorers Helped by Prince Henry a.k.a.  - 1419- est. a navigational school 1420- Port explorers began  1488- Bartolomeu Dias reached the  1487-8- Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa and reached India Portuguese Exploration

  8. Exploring America • By 1400’s- Known World was  • Many figured you could sail west and reach  • Christopher Columbus believed it was a short distance from Spain to India

  9. Tried for 6 yrs to get financial backing Finally came from  Aug 1492- 3 Ships left Spain- By Oct. reached present-day Bahamas Also landed on  Encountered Taino People- Called them  -Why? March 1493- Columbus returned w/ gold, parrots, spices and Natives Spain would finance more trips After Columbus’s return- Spain and Port.  Pope had 2 countries sign Treaty of Tordesillas Created line of demarcation in middle of Atlantic Spain controlled everything to west of line- Portugal- the east Columbus’ 1st Voyage

  10. Columbus Returns • Columbus continued trips to Hispaniola looking for  • Also had help from brother, Bartholomew • Set up gold mines that were worked by  • Est. city of Santo Domingo which became capital of Spanish American Empire • Began mapping 

  11. Other Spanish Explorations • 1499- Amerigo Vespucci explored coast of South America • 1501- Made 2nd voyage and realized  • 1507- German mapmaker named “new” landmass  • 1513- Ponce de Leon headed north from Puerto Rico looking for  • Landed in land full of wildflowers and plants- named it 

  12. Other Spanish Explorations • 1513- Vasco de Balboa went looking for “south sea” - Had founded colony of Panama and walked to end and “found”  • 1520- Ferdinand Magellan looking for another sea route to Asia - Passed through strait at tip of S. America and reached  - 1st to name Pacific Ocean because  - Died in Philippines but his crew 1st known people to circumnavigate globe  • http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078745217/190653/mod01_2.html

  13. New Spain • 1519- Hernan Cortes arrived on Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico- Immediately attacked by  • Cortes got help from other tribes to eventually  - Also had assistance from  • Some Aztec believed the Spanish were returning Gods

  14. New Spain • Cortes one of many conquistadors • Others followed and began  • 1526- Francisco Pizarro went into S. America and defeated  • 1540- Coronado went into SW of N. Amer. Looking for  - Only found Natives and “shaggy cows”  • De Soto went into SE parts of N. Amer and Texas - Died on trip • http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078745217/190653/mod01_2.html

  15. New Spain • Since no gold found and weather conditions harsh – settlement  • Primary expeditions of North America were led by missionaries - Set up missions to convert Natives to Christianity - Some converted Natives violently

  16. Society of New Spain • Spanish developed encomienda system in colonies - System of rewarding  - Also allowed to tax residents and collect slaves

  17. France also sent explorers to est. colonies and  1524- Verrazano sent to find  1530’s- Jacques Cartier made 3 trips to North Amer.- Mapped and explored St. Lawrence River 1602- Champlain est. 1st colony for Fra  - Colony grew slowly - Made $ from  1673- Joliet and Marquette became 1st Euros to  1682- LaSalle became 1st to  New France

  18. New France • LaSalle claimed land at mouth of Mississippi River and named Louisiana after  • Est. forts and other settlements in area - Biloxi- New Orleans- Mobile • Spanish didn’t want French in area- began claiming land to  • http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078745217/190653/mod01_2.html • HW- Pg 23 1-8

  19. Section 3- The 13 Colonies Eng late in establishing American colonies • 1st in 1497- John Cabot landed in Nova Scotia looking for  Protestant Reformation led some to leave for American • 1527- Henry VIII began Anglican Church • Puritans wanted more changes from new Church but new King James I  • Caused Puritans to 

  20. Economic changes also pushed out English Nobles began using  - Gave them more land to raise sheep and crops - Enclosure needed fewer workers * Those who lost jobs  Merchant created joint-stock companies - Combined businesses to raise more $ - Allowed them to start colonies to sell products Other Changes in England

  21. Problems with Spain • Protestant Eng also had issues w/ Catholic Spain • To Defend it’s ships- Eng est. outposts in America • Walter Raleigh landed in N. Carolina est. Roanoke Island • Made 2 trips- Many from 1st group returned after 1st winter- the 2nd group 

  22. England Establishes Colony • 1606- King James I granted charter to VA Company to  • 1607- Group sailed up James River and founded  • Settlers knew little about  • Capt. John Smith began 

  23. Jamestown’s Problems • To entice settlers- Company offered free land to anyone who worked for 7 yrs • Helped bring in people but  • Winter 1609-10 known as  • Ate anything available • By Spring- Only 60 settlers remained • Began heading out but a ship w/ supplies arrived • New group instituted new laws and stabilized the colony • Everyone had to contribute to helping the colony

  24. Jamestown Grows • To make a profit- Colonists began growing • Jamestown was part of the colony of Virginia controlled by Virginia Company • 1618- Company allowed Virginia to elect  • New gov. included a governor, 6 councilors and 20 reps. • Assembly called 

  25. Jamestown and Virginia Grow • VA Company also granted headrights • Settlers who pd for own passage to Amer. Received  • Also received 50 acres for ea. family member over 15 and ea. servant • 1619- 1st slaves arrived in Virginia • 1622- Jamestown 1st attacked by Natives • Attacks devastated colony that Parliament took over colony to be run by 

  26. Maryland Founded • Catholics continued to be persecuted by Protestants in England • Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, asked King to allow him to start a colony for Catholics • 1632- Given land north of VA-Became a proprietary colony • Proprietor could govern however he wanted as long as he didn’t violate Eng. Law • Turns out- more Catholics than Protestants moved to Maryland

  27. Plymouth and MA Bay Colonies • 1608- Group of Puritans- called Separatists- fled persecution in Eng for The Netherlands • 1620- Boarded Mayflower and headed toward VA colony • Nov 1620- Landed on Cape Cod and decided to settle in  • Before going ashore they signed the 1st ever document outlining self-government 

  28. Plymouth’s Troubles • 1st winter was extremely tough- Had shelter but dealt w/ sickness and  • In the spring- survivors received help from Squanto- a member of the Wampanoag Nation • http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078745217/190654/mod02_1.html

  29. MA Bay Colony • 1625- Economic and religious problems continued for Puritans in Eng. • Wealthy business man John Winthrop received a charter from the King to est. a colony in New England • By 1643- 20,000 settlers living in New Eng. • Created a new gov w/ Winthrop elected as  • Gambling, blasphemy, adultery and drunkenness were illegal • Gov didn’t allow other religions to operate

  30. Founding of Rhode Island • 1631- Roger Williams moved to MA- Considered himself a Separatist • In his sermons he criticized Puritan beliefs • MA General Court ordered him back to England • Williams fled and founded town of Providence • In colony- gov had no authority over religions • Separation of Church & State

  31. Founding of Rhode Island • Anne Hutchinson- another Puritan also questioned Church authority • She would evaluate ministers and held women-only services • She was banished and founded Portsmouth colony in present-day RI • Others followed and by 1644 the colony of RI was officially founded

  32. 1636- Rev Thomas Hooker moved congregation to Conn. River valley Founded town of Hartford Also wrote Fundamental Orders of Conn. Gave all men, not just church members, the right to vote Beginnings of colony of Conn. Territory to north of MA claimed by Sir Fernando Gorges (NH) and Capt. John Mason (ME) MA claimed both in court but lost. 1679- NH became a royal colony MA bought Mason’s right to ME Remained part of MA until 1820 New England Expands

  33. King Phillip’s War • 1637- war broke out between Natives and NE settlers • Natives upset over expansion and being forced to follow Eng. Laws and customs • Tensions quieted until 1675- 3 Wampanoags were arrested and executed in Plymouth colony for murder • Touched off King Phillip’s War- so named after Wampanoag leader Metacomet who settlers called King Phillip • By end of war- 1678- few Natives remained in NE.

  34. Middle Colonies • 1642-60 was the English Civil War • During which Eng stopped all colonization to America but resumed after • 1609- Dutch sent Henry Hudson to N. Amer. • Claimed the region New Netherlands and bought Manhattan island from Natives • Called it New Amsterdam • Also named river after himself • Colony sat between British colonies of New England and Virginia

  35. England Takes New Netherlands • Eng fought and took the colony • The King gave land to brother, Duke of York, who renamed colony  • York also gave some land to King’s advisors • Land called  • New York and New Jersey offered huge land grants, religious freedom and right to have a legislative assembly

  36. Pennsylvania and Delaware • King Charles II owed a debt to deceased father of  • To repay debt- King offer large tract of land between NY and Maryland • Colony where religious and political freedom was practiced • Natives were also allowed to live in peace • Capital became  • 1682- Penn bought 3 counties to south and colony named 

  37. Sec 4- Society and Economy of the 13 Colonies Econ of southern colonies based on cash crops- crops raised to make $ • Tobacco- VA, MD, NC • Rice and indigo- South Carolina To help w/ crops, farmers acquired indentured servants • Owners pd travel expenses of servants and required them to work land for 4-7 yrs • Owners provided food, clothing and shelter Slaves were brought from West Africa

  38. Southern Social Structure At top were Gentry- wealthy plantation owners • Lived on Self-sufficient communities • Gentry served in governing councils and some commanded the militia • Next were small farmers- they were the majority in the South • Owned small plots of land and only grew enough food to feed families Next- Tenant farmers- had to rent land from gentry- couldn’t afford land and all it’s costs • Below tenant farmers were indentured servants and slaves

  39. In VA- Small tenant farmers wanted to expand into Native lands • Hoping to make more $ by selling more crops • Nathaniel Bacon helped farmers by creating own militia and attacked the Susquehannock • Bacon was wealthy farmer and politician • 1667- Bacon’s Rebellion ended when Bacon got sick and died After- VA gov. made land available to small farmers regardless of impact on Natives

  40. A result of Bacon’s Rebellion was rise in slavery • More cheap land became available for all farmers after Rebellion • Fewer settlers wanted to be indentured servants • More African slaves brought in • African Slaves could be owned forever • Eng Parliament passed laws to open trade to make slaves more available

  41. New England Society Econ revolved around fishing, whaling and lumber • No large plantations just small farms • All practiced subsistent farming  • Apples, diary cattle, pigs, sheep • Shipbuilding big in region- could be built for 30- 50% less than in Eng In early days- A General Court appointed gov leaders • Over time- townspeople began discussing issues at  • They elected selectman who oversaw town gov. • Townspeople could vote at meetings • These early practices of self-governing led the way for the 

  42. New England Society NE Society dominated by Puritans • Practiced religion and strict daily laws • No card playing or gambling- Must watch over your neighbor • MA legislature (ruled by Puritans) required all towns to establish schools based on pop. • Parents required to teach kids how to read the Bible Econ of Mid Colonies combined aspects of both South and New England • Traded goods that developed large cities along coast • Great soil for growing large amounts of cash crops- rye, oats, barley • Largest cash crop- wheat

  43. In early colonial life- farmers had to trade for goods not grown in colonies • Est. a triangular trade w/ Caribbean, Europe and Africa • Pg. 39 • Trade also helped develop major port cities  Econ system used in colonies called  • mercantilism- belief that all goods from a colony should go  • System benefited both GB and the colonies • GB- Increased flow of gold and silver into country • Colonies- Provided markets for raw materials • Provided supplies to make finished goods

  44. Changes in Colonies 1660- King Charles II passed laws based on mercantilist beliefs • Passed Navigation Acts to generate more $ for Eng • All goods must be shipped  • Could only sell to Eng or  • Colonists turned to smuggling to break laws 1686- James II succeeded Charles and made all colonies one royal colony to enforce Acts • James II upset many in Parliament- even practiced 

  45. Parlia. wanted James’ Protestant daughter Mary to become Queen instead of Catholic son when he dies James fled and William and Mary became king and queen- Known as  • Mary allowed RI and Conn to become separate colonies • MA Bay, Maine and Plymouth into one • King and Queen had to accept Eng Bill of Rights • List of guaranteed rights given to British citizens HW – pg 41 1-6

  46. Sec 5- A Diverse Society Pop grew rapidly in colonies for several reasons: • High birth rate- Married couples averaged 7 children- Not uncommon to have double that • Improved housing and sanitation • However, contagious diseases spread quickly in major cities • Rev Cotton Mather promoted inoculation to fight against smallpox in colonies

  47. Another reason- Immigration increased to colonies • Most went to middle and southern colonies • Huge numbers of African slaves brought in • 1775- 100,000 Germans lived in PA- came over to escape  • Beginning in 1717- Scots-Irish began coming to America- came because of rising taxes, poor harvests and religious persecution • Jews also made their way to America- 1500 lived here by 1776

  48. Women had very little rights in Colonial America • Married women could not own property or make contracts • Husbands ruled house and only ones who could discipline kids and wives • Single women and widows had more rights • They could do all things married women could not • Many married women worked outside home Africans came to the Americas Violently • They were captured, branded and crammed into ships

  49. Slaves given minimal food and water- Those who got sick or died were  • All part of  • From 1450-1870- 10-12M Africans brought to Americas- 2M died on trip • At 1st, Africans could gain freedom by converting to Christianity • By 1660’s- laws changed to make slavery a hereditary system • 1705- VA passed a slave code- Slaves could not own property, testify against whites, or move or assemble freely

  50. By 1775- 20% of colonial pop were slaves • Most lived on southern plantations working in the fields and heat • Worked long days and beaten and branded by owners • Some did resist- They escaped to the North • Broke or “lost”  • Others rebelled- 1739- Stono Rebellion near Stono River in SC.

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