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Colonization to 1700

Colonization to 1700. (Overview). PRE-COLUMBIAN (1491) N. AMERICA. “When Worlds Collide”. AP Guidelines: 2.1 First European contacts with American Indians 2.2 Spain’s empire in North America 2.3 French colonization of Canada

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Colonization to 1700

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  1. Colonization to 1700 (Overview)

  2. PRE-COLUMBIAN (1491) N. AMERICA

  3. “When Worlds Collide” • AP Guidelines: • 2.1 First European contacts with American Indians • 2.2 Spain’s empire in North America • 2.3 French colonization of Canada • 2.4 English settlement of New England, the Mid-Atlantic region, and the South

  4. Age of Exploration • The European expansion into the Americas created a collision of two worlds. The results were disastrous for the Indians. This collision also imitated an intercontinental exchange between the two worlds. The construction of the Spanish empire led other European nations to pursue colonization. Political and religious developments influenced how these nations pursued expansion into the Americas with trade playing a pivotal role in these early efforts.

  5. Early Exploration • 1492:Christopher Columbus reaches Hispaniola • 1498:John Cabot sailed the Eastern Shore near present day Worcester County. • 1507: The name "America" is first used (Amerigo Vespucci) • 1513:Juan Ponce de León explores the Florida coast. • 1524:Giovanni da Verrazano explores the coast from Carolina north to Nova Scotia, enters New York harbor. • 1540:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado explores the Southwest. • 1541:Hernando de Soto of Spain discovers the Mississippi River. • 1565: St. Augustine, Florida, is founded by the Spanish • 1585: First English settlement at Roanoke Island, North Carolina. • 1588: In Europe, the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English • 1606: King James I granted a charter to the Virginia Company to establish a colony in America.

  6. European Settlement • The Spanish, French, and English established settlements that would later be sections of the United States. French and Spanish settlers mixed with the Indian population when building communities more than the British did. Differences in economies, ideological outlooks, and events in England also accounted for differences between the British colonies in the Chesapeake, New England, and the South. The colonists of New England built the most vital communities. Various self-government systems were set up, but they were not democratic. Conflicting views in England, as well as rivalry with France, brought an attempt at tighter centralization of control under royal authority. Native Americans tried to use differences and rivalries to keep their cultures intact and limit their rivals. A series of wars weakened Indian control east of the Appalachians.

  7. The Spanish in the Americas -Your text uses words like “invasion” and “destruction” to describe the impact of the Spanish. -The Spanish were motivated by wealth – in particular gold – and would force the Indians to help them exploit modern day Central and South America through their policy of encomienda (essentially slavery).

  8. The Spanish in the Americas • The Spanish would begin the Intercontinental (or “Columbian”) Exchange. • On the negative side, epidemic diseases killed American Indians on a vast scale. • In the long-term, crops such as corn (aka maize) would be introduced in Europe, Africa and Asia for the first time. • http://www.sonofthesouth.net/texas/new-spain-map.htm • http://www.zazzle.com/new_spain_america_map_1712_poster-228337201760028179 • http://www.williamtalbot.com/catalog/16_humboldt.html

  9. Map of Mexico or New Spain, Florida now called Louisiana and Part of California by H. Moll (1708)

  10. French colonization • The French would focus their efforts in the North Atlantic and the Great Lakes regions. • http://www.newberry.org/smith/exhibits/fe/fe3.html • “The contacts between Europeans and natives here took a different form than in the tropics, based on commerce rather than conquest.” (Out of Many, p. 47) • But there were negative consequences here too, as the Indians were also affected by disease, fighting over hunting grounds, and became dependent on European suppliers.

  11. MAP 3.2 New France in the Seventeenth Century By the late seventeenth century, French settlements were spread from the town of Port Royal in Acadia to the post and mission at Sault Ste. Marie on the Great Lakes. But the heart of New France comprised the communities stretching along the St. Lawrence River between the towns of Quebec and Montreal.

  12. English colonization • James I (1603-1625) issued royal charters for the colonization of the mid-Atlantic region to joint-stock companies. • In 1607, the Virginia Company sent ships and a hundred men to Chesapeake Bay, where the colonists built a fort which they called…? • They settled in an area that wasn’t ideal for farming, and which was inhabited by 14,000 Algonquian Indians.

  13. Stereotyping the Indians • “These Savages have no particular propertie in any parcell of that country, but only a general residence there, as wild beasts have in the forest.” • “They range and wander up and downe the country, without any law or government, being led only by their own lusts and sensualitie.” From an English minister, preaching to departing Jamestown colonists (Out of Many, p. 65)

  14. Jamestown • During the winter of 1609-10, more than 400 people starved to death and/or resorted to CANNIBALISM! Only 60 people remained alive by the spring. • John Smith remarked that “in our extremity the Indians brought us corn when we rather expected they would destroy us.” (Out of Many, p. 66)

  15. Who came to the Chesapeake? • Indentured servants • Mostly young, unskilled males • Term ranged from two to seven years • Supposed to fed, clothed, and housed • Two in five died before finishing term • African slaves • First arrived in 1619, but more expensive • As late as 1680, made up less than 7% of the population

  16. Saving Jamestown • Tobacco! • Jamestown has become symbolic of English colonization in America: • Massive immigration • Plantation agriculture (versus trade or mining) • Frontier of exclusion (versus inclusion)

  17. MAP 3.3 European Colonies of the Atlantic Coast, 1607–39 Virginia, on Chesapeake Bay, was the first English colony in North America, but by the mid-seventeenth century, Virginia was joined by settlements of Scandinavians on the Delaware River, and Dutch on the Hudson River, as well as English religious dissenters in New England. The territories indicated here reflect the vague boundaries of the early colonies.

  18. The New England Colonies • Geography and climate forced the settlers who came to New England to pursue a different course. • The region became a haven for Protestant dissenters; this initial motive for leaving home would continue to shape the region’s relationship with England.

  19. The Pilgrims • Established the first New England colony: Plymouth (1620) • Separatists! • The Mayflower Compact • The colony struggled, and only survived with assistance from local Indians.

  20. The Mayflower Compact • “In the name of God Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyall subjects of our dread soveraigne Lord King James by the grace of God, of great Britaine, Franc, & Ireland king, defender of the faith, &c. Having undertaken, for the glorie of God, and advancements of the Christian faith and honour of our king & countrie, a voyage to plant the first colonie in the Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents…

  21. The Mayflower Compact • …solemnly & mutualy in the presence of God, and one of another, covenant & combine our selves togeather into a civill body politick; for our better ordering, & preservation & furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by vertue hearof to enacte, constitute, and frame shuch just & equall lawes, ordinances, Acts, constitutions, & offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meete & convenient for the generall good of the Colonies…”

  22. The Puritans • English followers – largely families – of John Calvin (doctrine of predestination) who wished to purify and reform the Church of England church from within. • Cultivated “the virtues of thrift, industry, sobriety, and personal responsibility, which Calvin argued were signs of election (salvation) and essential to the Christian life.” (Out of Many, p. 49)

  23. The Puritans • Puritans had a particular view what society should look like: “They argued for reviving communities by placing reformed Christian congregations at their core to monitor the behavior of individuals.” (Out of Many, p. 70) • Puritans provoked strong reactions -- which they were not tolerant of -- which led to warfare in England, a spike in immigration, and (forced) movement within New England as they expelled members who disagreed.

  24. “A Model of Christian Charity,” Governor John Winthrop (1630, on board the Arbella) • “For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God, and all professors for God's sake. We shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going. 
And to shut this discourse with that exhortation of Moses, that faithful servant of the Lord, in his last farewell to Israel, Deut. 30. ‘Beloved, there is now set before us life and death, good and evil,’ in that we are commanded this day to love the Lord our God, and to love one another, to walk in his ways and to keep his Commandments and his ordinance and his laws, and the articles of our Covenant with Him, that we may live and be multiplied, and that the Lord our God may bless us in the land whither we go to possess it. But if our hearts shall turn away, so that we will not obey, but shall be seduced, and worship other Gods, our pleasure and profits, and serve them; it is propounded unto us this day, we shall surely perish out of the good land whither we pass over this vast sea to possess it.” • http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/sacred/charity.html

  25. MAP 3.5 Spread of Settlement: British Colonies, 1650–1700 The spread of settlement in the English colonies in the late seventeenth century created the conditions for a number of violent conflicts, including King Philip’s War, Bacon’s Rebellion, and King William’s War.

  26. 1600’s Timeline • 1607 VA Colony founded – Jamestown • 1612 Rolfe perfects Tobacco • 1614 1st Anglo‐Powhatan War Ends • 1619 First Africans Arrive in Jamestown • House of Burgesses established • 1620 Pilgrims sail to Plymouth Bay/Mayflower Compact • 1624 VA becomes a Royal Colony • 1625 Dutch found New Amsterdam • 1630 Puritans arrive in Boston • 1634 MD Colony founded • 1635-36 R. Williams convicted of heresy/founds Rhode Island • CT and New Haven Colonies founded • 1637 Pequot War • 1638 A. Hutchinson banished from MA Colony • 1640s Large Scale Slave Systems in West Indies • 1643 New England Confederation formed • 1644 Second Anglo‐Powhatan War • 1649 Act of Toleration ‐ MD • 1664 England seizes New Netherland from Dutch • E. & W. Jersey Colonies founded • 1670 Carolina Colony founded • 1675 – 76 King Philip’s War • 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion • 1680s Expansion of Slavery in Colonies • 1681 W. Penn founds PA • 1688 Glorious Revolution • Leisler’s Rebellion ‐ NY • 1692 Salem Witch Trials

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