4 t h Edition Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning

1. CABI TOURISM TEXTS 4th EditionLeisure, Sport andTourism, Politics,Policy and Planning A. J. Veal COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING MATERIALS

2. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th Edition CHAPTER 8 Evaluating Approaches to Planning for Leisure, Sport and Tourism Leisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

3. Outline Introduction Requirements of stakeholders Fixed standards of provision Meeting unmet needs Providing opportunity Providing benefits Resource-based planning Increasing participation Meeting demand Conclusions Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

4. Types of approach • Adopting fixed standards • Providing opportunity • Resource-based planning • Meeting demand • Meeting the requirements/requests of stakeholder groups • Meeting unmet needs • Providing benefits • Increasing participation Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

5. 1. Fixed standards: types of standard Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

6. 1. Fixed standards: approach (Fig. 8.1) N.B. ‘Facilities = ‘Facilities and services’ External agency Fixed standard Future population Current population Current requirements Current inventory Meet current facility deficiencies Meet future net facility requirements Plan Facilities provided as prescribed in standard Outcome

7. 1. Fixed standards: evaluation • Mission implications • adoption of the goals of the external agency • Consumer motivation model • likely level of participation assumed to be fixed • Operational model • what: provide facilities for which there are standards • how much: as specified in the standard • Tourism implications • generally not used in tourism planning • Limitations • doubts about basis of some standards and ‘one-size-fits-all’ model • Conclusion • no longer recommended Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

8. 2. Providing opportunity: evaluation • Mission implications • to provide (a diversity of) opportunities • Consumer motivation model • re. diversity of opportunities: different consumers have different tastes and will make use of facilities/services that match their tastes • Operational model • what: distinct groups are identified in the community (‘market segments’) and facilities/services designed and provided to match the tastes of these groups • how much: determined by size of the group, but other method required to estimate level of participation • Tourism implications • demand and benefits (economic) approaches most appropriate • Limitations • goals/criteria for success not intrinsic; involve demand/ participation • Conclusion • not a planning approach in its own right, but a variation on demand-based or participation-based approaches Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

9. 3. Resource-based planning (Fig. 8.2) Identify resources Examine leisure/sport/tourism potential of resources Develop infrastructure Plan Use of resources for leisure purposes Outcome Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

10. 3. Resource-based planning: 4 types (Table 8.2) • Residual • land allocated to leisure when not usable for other purposes (e.g. flood plains) • Opportunistic • existing resources adapted for leisure purposes (e.g. obsolete docklands, historic buildings) • Conservation • use of natural/heritage resources for leisure • Environmental spectrum • e.g. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

11. Environmental spectrum approach: Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) – Clarke & Stankey (Table 8.3) • Spectrum of settings: • modern (e.g. developed campsite) • semi-modern • semi-primitive • primitive (e.g. untouched wilderness) • Management/on-site activities: • access (roads etc.) • non-recreation resource uses (e.g. forestry) • management site modification (e.g. parking) • social interaction (contact with other users) • visitor impact (e.g. litter, erosion) • regimentation (overt visitor control) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

12. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) (cont’d) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

13. 3. Resource-based planning: evaluation • Mission implications • residual: depends on method used to determine supply quantum • opportunistic: often economic • conservation: mainly conservation goals • spectrum: conservation + demand + participation • Consumer motivation model • residual: no discernible model • opportunistic: demand-based feasibility studies • conservation: model unidentified • spectrum: similar to opportunities model • Operational model • determined by the nature of the resource • Tourism implications • opportunistic and conservation versions highly relevant • Limitations • limited reference to the leisure user • Conclusion • a component of planning rather than a planning approach in its own right Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

14. 4. Meeting demand (see Ch. 3) (Fig. 8.3) Current population Future population Currenttotal demand Supplyconditions Demandimplications Met demand Unmet demand Facility implications Supply inventory Facilityimplications Meet current facility deficiencies Meet increases in facility requirements Plan Original met demand Increase in met demand: current Increase in met demand: future Outcomes Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

15. Meeting demand approach: evaluation • Mission implications • aim: to meet current unmet demand + future demand • Consumer motivation model • demand model related to consumer characteristics + supply conditions • Operational model • what: private sector: market processes; public sector – see benefits • how much: private sector – market processes; public sector – modelling • Tourism implications • applies to tourism; often involves economic benefit approach • Limitations • need for budget limit or cost-benefit analysis • complex/expensive data collection and analysis • confusion over demand concept by non-economists • Conclusion • complexity of demand modelling and cost-benefit analysis limits application Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

16. 5. Meeting the requirements/requests of stakeholder groups (see Ch. 10) (Fig. 8.4) Consult stakeholders Evaluate stakeholder views Provide facilities as requested/evaluated Plan Stakeholder satisfaction Outcomes Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

17. Stakeholder consultation approach: evaluation • Mission implications • provision made in response to stakeholder requirements • Consumer motivation model • stakeholder information assumed to reflect consumer requirements/intentions • Operational model • what: determined by advice of stakeholders • how much: determined by advice of stakeholders • Tourism implications • consultation generally concerned with environmental impacts • stakeholders include tourism industry • Limitations • problem of representativeness of stakeholder representatives • how to evaluate, especially conflicting views • Conclusion • OK for qualitative inputs, political involvement – evaluation problem Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

18. 6. Meeting unmet needs (Fig. 8.5) Need: see Chapter 3 Inventory Needssurvey Community profile Analysis Issues/priorities Plan Facilities required Outcome Needsmet Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

19. Needs-based planning: evaluation • Mission implications • once identified: all needs to be met • Consumer motivation model • assumed unmet needs can be discovered via survey • people will use facilities provided to meet needs • Operational model • what: determined by identified need • how much: grossing up needs identified in survey • Tourism implications • not appropriate for tourism in the sense ‘need’ used here, but see Ch. 3 • Limitations • problem of distinguishing needs from wants in surveys (see Ch. 3) • problem of distinguishing needs-driven users from wants-driven users • problem of community consensus on what is a ‘need’ • problem of judging which ‘needs’ to meet • Conclusion • Above limitations make the approach difficult/impossible to implement Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

20. 7. Providing benefits(Fig. 8.6) Two approaches (as discussed in Ch. 3): • economic approach • Benefits-Based Management (BBM) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

21. Benefits: A. Economic approach Identify market failure activities/facilities Evaluate range of projects using cost-benefit analysis Provide facilities that produce acceptable levels of benefits Plan Usage User and non-user benefits produced Outcome Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

22. Benefits: economic approach: evaluation • Mission implications • aim is to increase level of user/community benefits from leisure provision • Consumer motivation model • economic demand/’consumption function’ model • Operational model • what: see market failure arguments (Ch. 3) • how much: determined by cost-benefit analysis • Tourism implications • highly relevant to tourism planning • Limitations • complexity/cost of data collection/analysis • Conclusion • local use will be restricted by above limitation Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

23. Benefits: B. BBM approach Identify existing activity/facility/ setting/zone combinations For each of the above: gather benefits/outcome data from user market segments, local communities and re. environment ‘Setting’ = descriptive location of a leisure activity e.g. lake, trail, campsite Analyse Plan Modify/provide facilities Usage (Enhanced) fit between benefits/outcomes and facility/setting features Outcomes Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

24. Benefits: BBM approach: evaluation • Mission implications • setting management matches benefits outcomes and setting characteristics • Consumer motivation model • the above enhances user benefits • Operational model • what: activities/facilities that best match setting characteristics • how much: approach not clear on this • Tourism implications • applies equally to tourist and day-trip visitors • Limitations • lack of guidance on non-user data and new facility evaluation • large quantity of data to be collected • Conclusion • above limitations limit the practical usefulness of the approach Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

25. 8. Increasing participation (Fig. 8.7) Current participation levels Criteria for setting targets Set target participation levels Facility/service implications Plan Provide facilities/services Usage of facilities/services Increased participation (proxy for benefits) Outcome Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

26. Participation approach: evaluation • Mission implications • concentrates on participation so requires the setting of targets • Consumer motivation model • Various models possible • Ch. 8 model assumes participation related to socio-demographic variables and facility access • Operational model • what: underpinned by benefits model • how much: targets are political decisions • Tourism implications • tourism participation/demand for leisure can be incorporated • Limitations • excludes non-participation-related benefits • problem of weighting different groups • Conclusion • overcomes many of the defects of other approaches • the method is selected for development in Ch. 9 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

27. Planning approaches: conclusions (Fig. 8.8) Demand Benefits Needs Outcomes User benefits PARTICIPATION Stakeholder consult Non-user benefits Opportunities Facilities/services required Resource-based Standards Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

28. Land-use planning • Statutory system controlling use of land in a planning area • Typically operated by local councils under law • Sometimes ‘town planning’ • Zoning – e.g. residential, retail, industrial, open space • Published land-use plan • Implementation: ‘development control’ process Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts