Second Era of Revolutions

1. Second Era of Revolutions British Reform and Uprisings in France, Central America, and the United States

2. British Reforms • Great Britain undergoes a series of Progressive Reforms • Progressive Reform – working for the advancement of the entire society, primarily those that are down trodden. • Reforms made in: • Worker rights and safety • Voting rights • Rights of Imperial holdings outside of England

3. Worker Reforms • Reform Act of 1832: • Gave industrial cities representation in Parliament (Government) • Parliament still wanted limits placed on voting • Only men with education • Only men who held land • Excluded many workers and women from voting • Factory Act of 1833: • Limited working hours of children • Made it illegal for teenagers to work more than 12 hours/day • Required schooling for 9-13 year olds during work day

4. Public Acts (Slavery, Health, Criminal Acts) • Slavery Abolition Act • Did not grant immediate freedom • Government compensated slave owners for their loss • Public Health laws were passed • Criminal Laws were passed • These were all passed as a way to clean up society

5. Voting Rights • Chartism – refers to people who pushed for the People’s Charter in Parliament • People’s Charter – Demanded voting rights for all men • Movement started in 1839 • Charter was dismissed by Parliament initially • Led to protests and uprisings • Revolt in 1848 • Constant uprisings led to voting rights being changed • Victorian Era Changes – Changes that occurred during reign of Queen Victoria in England (1837-1901) • Voting rights extended more working men • Fought for women’s right to vote (suffrage) • Got right to vote in 1918 – women over 30 only

6. Self-Rule in the Empire • Ireland: • Irish lost much of their land to British landlords who moved in • Hurt Irish agriculture and farming • Led to crisis called Potato Famine in mid-1800s • Many Irish moved to America • Others died • More still continued to lose there family farms and life savings • England expected Ireland to still export food • Led to Irish revolts starting in the 1860s • Did not get limited self-rule until 1920s

7. Self-Rule in the Empire • Canada: • Started with rebellions in 1837 – Reform pushed for in 1838 • 1867 – Several Canadian provinces given power to govern themselves • Led to Canada becoming a Dominion – self governing colony • Australia: • Area was used as a prison/place of exile for British criminals • All changed when copper and gold was discovered – British colonists settled there • 1901 – Australia gains self rule – sets up own government • New Zealand – land exchanged for self rule

8. Revolution in France (Again) • King Louis XVIII (18th) put in power after fall of Napoleon Bonaparte • Put there by Congress of Vienna – foreign rulers • When Louis XVIII died – Charles X (10th) inherited the throne • Suspended power of legislature – people’s rights taken away • Angered the populace • 1830 – French people revolt – Charles X gives up throne • Was the final push needed for future revolutions in Europe • Led to end of all Monarchies

9. French Republic Born – Revolution of 1848 • Started because workers felt rights were infringed on • Brought to power Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) • Outcomes: • All French men gained right to vote • Republican government supported • Movement fired for Women’s Rights • Other revolutions take place in Europe

10. Franco-Prussian War (1871) • Led to the capture of Napoleon III • Defeat led to push for change in France – deposed Napoleon III from the throne • Third Republic formed: • Reforms: • Primary education available for children between ages of 6 and 13 • Trade unions legalized • Working hours reduced • Employers forced to give workers one day off/week • Dreyfus Affair- Showed the depth of hatred between groups in France – this primarily dealt with anti-Semitism (prejudice toward Jews) • Led to growth in Jewish Nationalism • Now Jews wanted their own land – start of argument for the nation of Israel

11. Summary • This is an era of Progressive Reform in Europe • Looking to give rights to those who do not have them • These reforms lead to conflict – even revolution • Governments change or are overthrown • Revolution will spread throughout Europe • End of Monarchies

12. Question Slide #1 • What is Progressive Reform? Give some examples. • What was the purpose of the Reform Act of 1832? What issues arose? • What did the Factory Act of 1833 do? • Why were the Slavery Abolition Act and Public Health and Criminal Laws important to pass? • What is Chartism?

13. Question Slide #2 • What was the People’s Charter? • What reforms took place during the Victorian Era in England? • What nations fought England for self-rule? To what extent did each receive self rule? • What role did the Congress of Vienna play in forming the French government? • What were the outcomes of the French Revolution of 1848?

14. Question Slide #3 • The Third Republic in France was formed out of what event? • What reforms took place in France under the reign of the Third Republic? • What was the significance of the Dreyfus Affair? What was started because of it?