Matter:

1. Matter: It’s what the world’s made of.

2. Everything in this photo is matter. • Matter- anything that has mass and volume (takes up space). • Matter doesn’t have to visible---even air is matter.

3. How do we classify matter? • Look at the following? • Particle Arrangement • Energy of particles • Distance between particles

4. Make a FOUR-DOOR FOLDABLE • Label the doors with each state of matter • Label back: Heat Movement • No drawings, YET!!!!!

5. States of Matter • Most matter on Earth can exist in three states–solid, liquid, and gas.

6. Solids Gases Liquids Plasma What do you know about matter?

7. Solids • Hold their own shape (definite shape) • Have mass. • Take up space (volume). • Fixed, closely packed, orderly arrangement of particles

8. Solids • A solid does not take the shape of a container in which it is placed. • This is because the particles of a solid are packed closely together.

9. Solids • The particles that make up all types of matter are in constant motion. • Although you can’t see them, a solid’s particles are vibrating in place. • These particles DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH ENERGY to move out of their fixed positions.

10. Liquids • Take the shape of their container. • Have mass. • Take up space (volume). • Because its particles are free to move, a liquid has NO DEFINITE SHAPE. • However, it does have a DEFINITE VOLUME.

11. Liquids • The particles in a liquid have ENOUGH ENERGY TO MOVE OUT OF THEIR FIXED POSITIONS BUT NOT ENOUGH ENERGY TO MOVE FAR APART.

12. Gases • Spread out to fill the entire space given. • Have mass. • Take up space (volume). • As they move, gas particles spread apart, filling all the space available. • Thus, NEITHER DEFINITE SHAPE NOR DEFINITE VOLUME.

13. Gases • The particles in gas are much farther apart than those in a liquid or solid. • Particles move at high speeds in all directions. • Freedom of motion

14. Plasma • A lot like a gas, but the particles are electrically charged. • Made up of free electrons and ions of the element • Occurs at extremely high temperatures. • Good conductors of electricity • Affected by magnetic fields • No definite shape • No definite volume • Mass? There are particles involved, so • YES!

15. EXAMPLES: • Found in Lightning and stars • Used in fluorescent light bulbs and Neon lights. • Northern Lights • Plasma Balls

16. STATES of matter? What would it take for matter to move from one state to another?

17. Energy determines the state!

18. REMEMBER THAT ------ SOLIDS: • Are packed tightly together • Have very little energy LIQUIDS: • Are loosely packed • Have medium energy levels GASES: • Move freely • Have LOTS of energy PLASMA: • Are electrically charged • Have EXTREMELY high energy levels

19. Matter can change from one state to another when heat energy is ABSORBED or RELEASED.

20. On the previous slide, the temperatures changes during phase changes were graphed. • What did you notice about the temperatures at melting/freezing and vaporization (boiling)/condensation?

21. DON’T FORGET: • HEAT ALWAYS TRANSFERS WARMER TO COOLER • From higher kinetic energy particles to a lower kinetic energy particles • From a substance with faster moving particles to a substance with slower moving particles

22. When energy is added (ABSORBED), particles move faster! When energy is taken away (RELEASED), particles move slower! Add or Subtract Energy. . .

23. Solid + Energy = ? • When energy is added to solids, they become liquids! • ABSORPTION!!!!!

24. Changes Between Solid and Liquid • The change from the solid state to the liquid state is called MELTING. • The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is called the MELTING POINT. • The melting point of water is 0°C.

25. Does a substance have to be hot to melt? • NO • Anytime changing solid to liquid, the substance is “melting”. • Melting point of solid oxygen is -218.4°C

26. What happens when heat is released? • The change from the liquid state to the solid state is called FREEZING. • The temperature at which a substance changes from the liquid state to the solid state is called the FREEZING POINT. • What is the freezing point of water?

27. During freezing, the temperature of a substance remains constant while the particles in the liquid form a crystalline solid. • Energy is RELEASED during freezing. • After all of the liquid has become a solid, the temperature begins to decrease again.

28. Does a substance have to be cold to freeze? • NO • Considered “freezing” when changes liquid to solid. • Lava hardens when cooled • Candle wax • All matter has a definite freezing point

29. Water freezes at 0°C. • If salt is added, the freezing point changes to -5.9°C. (this is why in areas where there is snowy winters, the roads are salted during sleet and snow.)

30. Liquid + Energy = ? • When energy is ADDED to liquids, they become gases!

31. Changes Between the Liquid and Gas States • The change from a liquid to a gas is known as VAPORIZATION (vay puh ruh ZAY shun) • The temperature of the substance does not change during vaporization. However, the substance ABSORBS heat energy.

32. TWO FORMS OF VAPORIZATION: • BOILING --- Vaporization that takes place below the surface of a liquid • The temperature at which a liquid boils is called the BOILING POINT.

33. EVAPORATION ---Vaporization that takes place at the surface of a liquid. • Occurs at temperatures below the boiling point--- • This explains how puddles dry up. • It takes more than speed for water molecules to escape the liquid state. • During evaporation, these faster molecules also must be near the surface, heading in the right direction, and they must avoid hitting other water molecules as they leave.

34. Evaporation and our Bodies • Sweat is your body’s cooling system. • Sweat leaves your skin through pores. • When sweat hits the air, the air (faster moving/higher energy particles of gases) causes the sweat (slower moving/lower energy particles of gases) to evaporate (liquid to gas) • The lower kinetic energy substance (sweat) ABSORBS heat energy from the higher kinetic energy substance (air).

35. Condensation • As a gas cools (heat is being RELEASED), its particles slow down. • When particles move slowly enough for their attractions to bring them together, droplets of liquid form. • This process, which is the opposite of vaporization, is called CONDENSATION.

36. Sublimation • Some substances can change from the solid state to the gas state without ever becoming a liquid. • During this process, known as SUBLIMATION, the surface particles of the solid gain enough energy to become a gas. • Examples • Dry ice • Solid air fresheners

37. What will happen? Why? Ice Cube Ice cream cone Rain boots in puddle Chocolate Bunny Molten Steel

38. So, did we get something new? • Ice cream and melted ice cream? • Chocolate and melted chocolate? • Ice, water, and water vapor? • Steel and molten steel?

39. Temperature and Changes of State A beaker of ice at –10ºC was slowly heated to 110ºC. The changes in the temperature of the water over time were recorded. The data were plotted on the graph shown here. - Changes of State

40. - Changes of State Temperature and Changes of State • Reading Graphs: • What two variables are plotted on the graph? • Temperature (ºC) on the y-axis, time (minutes) on the x-axis

41. - Changes of State Temperature and Changes of State • Reading Graphs: • What is happening to the temperature of the water during segment C of the graph? • The temperature is rising from 0ºC to 100ºC.

42. - Changes of State Temperature and Changes of State • Interpreting Data: • What does the temperature value for segment B represent? For segment D? • Segment B: melting point of ice; segment D: boiling point of water

43. - Changes of State Temperature and Changes of State • Drawing Conclusions: • What change of state is occurring during segment B of the graph? For segment D? • Change from solid to liquid; change from liquid to gas

44. - Changes of State Temperature and Changes of State • Inferring: • In which segment, A or E, do the water molecules have more thermal energy? Explain your reasoning. • Water molecules in segment E have more thermal energy because they are at a higher temperature.

45. Graphic Organizer Example (at room temperature) State of Matter Shape Volume Solid Definite Definite Diamond Liquid Not definite Definite Water Gas Not definite Not definite Oxygen

46. The End!