Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment Exploration Guide

1. Define the following vocabulary terms: : geocentric, heliocentric, universal law of gravitation, scientific method, hypothesis, rationalism, inductive reasoning, philosophe, separation of powers, deism, laissez faire, social contract, salons, rococo, enlightened absolutism, successors Identify the following individuals and their contributions to the Scientific Revolution/ Enlightenment: Nicholas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, Isaac Newton, René Descartes, Francis Bacon, Adam Smith, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, and Mary Wollstonecraft

2. Answer the following questions in your notebook. • Who was Ptolemy? • What invention helped to spread new scientific ideas quickly and easily? • Where is Earth Placed in the universe according to the Ptolemaic system? • Contrary to Ptolemy, what did Copernicus argue concerning the construction of the universe? • What discoveries did Galileo make using the telescope? • Why did the Church order Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea of the nature of the universe? • What did Isaac Newton define in his first book, The Principia? • What did William Harvey’s observations and experiments show? • Explain the scientific method.

3. “If I have seen further (than others) it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.” -Sir Isaac Newton

4. The Scientific Revolution 1500s-1600s

5. Background • Renaissance Humanists • New Inventions • Printing Press • Study of Mathematics

6. Cosmology • Cosmology is the study of the universe as a whole, including theories about its origin, evolution, large-scale structure, and future.

7. Ptolemy- c.100-168 A.D. • Considered the greatest astronomer of antiquity • Used the ideas of Aristotle in combination with his own observations to construct a model of the universe- Ptolemaic system (Earth-centered or geocentric)

10. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) • Published On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres, 1543 • Based on mathematics, Copernicus constructed the heliocentric model of the universe (sun-centered)

12. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Used astronomical data to develop his ideas on planetary motion • Confirmed that the sun was the center of the universe • Orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular

13. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Used a telescope to view the planets. He discovered that the planets were not perfect crystal spheres but mountainous rock bodies. He also applied mathematical formulas to his findings.

14. Sir Isaac Newton • Principia Mathematica (1687) • Introduced a new understanding of the universe, explaining and expanding the works of Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler • Defined the physical laws of the universe (gravity, inertia, and motion) • Developed Calculus, a system of mathematics that calculates changes in forces and quantities

15. The Scientific Method Francis Bacon, Novum Organum (1620) The Scientific Method (Empiricism) 1. Question 2. Collect Data 3. Develop a hypothesis (If, then) 4. Experiment/Observe 5. Analyze new data 6. Form conclusion/Retest 7. Share with others

16. Déscartes and Reason • Believed that truth must be reached through reason • Discourse on Method, 1637 • Began his search for knowledge by doubting everything except his own existence • “I think, therefore I am.”

17. Medicine and Chemistry • Galen- Greek physician, 2nd century A.D. • Andreas Vesalius, On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543) • William Harvey, On the Motion of the Heart and Blood (1628) • Robert Boyle- Boyle’s Law • Antoine Lavoisier, founder of modern chemistry

18. The ideas and new ways of thinking that emerged as a result of the Scientific Revolution would be adapted to social reform in the period known as the Enlightenment.

19. “The good of the people must be the great purpose of government. By the laws of nature and of reason, the governors are invested with power to that end. And the greatest good of the people is liberty. It is to the state what health is to the individual.” (from L‘ Encyclopédie)

20. The Enlightenment 1700s

21. Respond to the following questions and directives in writing in your notebook. • The movement known as the Enlightenment began in which country? • Who were the philosophes? • What does separation of powers mean? • List the basic forms of government identified by Montesquieu. • Which newly formed nation in the late 1700s used the principles described by Montesquieu in its constitution? • What did intellectuals of the Enlightenment believe scientific principles could be applied to solve? • Explain the religious philosophy known as deism. • How do you think the salons affected the Enlightenment? • Identify the following philosophes and their contributions to the Enlightenment: John Locke, Isaac Newton, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot.

22. John Locke (1632-1704) • The Enlightenment was greatly influenced by the scientific ideas of Newton and the political philosophy of Locke. • Two Treatises on Government (1690) • Locke believed that people have the right to change their government if it fails to fulfill their natural rights. • Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan, 1651) v. John Locke

23. The Philosophes • Intellectuals of the Enlightenment believed that scientific principles could be applied to solve social problems. • The philosophes popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment. They were learned men and women such as writers, professors, journalists, and economists. Also, they were primarily from the upper and middle classes.

24. Montesquieu (1689-1755) • The Spirit of the Laws (1748) • Used the scientific method to find the natural laws that govern humans • Identified three basic kinds of governments • Articulated the theory of separation of powers

25. Voltaire (1694-1778) • The most famous of the Enlightenment figures • French author who wrote poetry, plays, essays, and books in a style that was entertaining and often satirical (Candide) • Deeply admired the English ideal of religious liberty and freedom of the press

26. “I may not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” -Voltaire

27. Deism- a system of thought advocating natural religion, emphasizing morality, and in the eighteenth century denying the interference of the Creator with the laws of the universe.

28. Diderot (1721-1784) • Diderot’s major contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades (1751-1772) • It’s purpose was to “change the general way of thinking” • The Encyclopédie was sold to learned individuals in Europe, further spreading Enlightenment ideas

29. Adam Smith • Scottish professor and economist • The Wealth of Nations, 1776 • Advocated that the state take the laissez-faire approach to its economy • Gave three basic roles to government

30. “To prohibit a great people…from making all that they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the way that they judge most advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.” -Adam Smith

31. Rousseau (1712-1778) • The Social Contract, 1762 • Believed that society agrees to be governed by its own general will • Criticized his era’s excessive reliance on reason and claimed that people should rely more on instinct and emotion

32. Beccaria • On Crimes and Punishments, 1764 • Argued that punishments should not be exercises in brutality • Opposed capital punishment

33. “Is it not absurd, that the laws, which punish murder, should, in order to prevent murder, publicly commit murder themselves?” -Beccaria

34. Test Thursday • Study pp.126-144 in textbook (Chapter 8) • Review all assignments, study questions, and notes related to the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment • Study vocabulary words • Be able to identify and write about the major figures associated with the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment