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Major Organic Compounds

Dive into the world of organic compounds, from atoms to molecules to cells. Learn about essential elements, isotopes, and structures of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

michaeldmitchell
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Major Organic Compounds

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  1. Major Organic Compounds

  2. smallest unit of matter that retains its chemical properties Atoms a substance made up of only one type of atom (periodic table of elements) Elements bonding between atoms of 1 or more elements; smallest unit of a compound Molecule chemical combination of two ormore elements in definite proportions Compound collection of compounds forming a livingunit; smallest unit of an organismthat can be considered living Cell

  3. Molecular Organization molecular levels of organization from smallest to cell atom element Can a substance be both an element and a molecule? molecule Can a substance be both a molecule and a compound? CO2 NaCl compounds C6H12O6 What is O2? O3? cell

  4. e Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur 6 Essential Elements C H N O P S

  5. C Carbon is an element. C What is carbon? commonly found as graphite, diamonds carbon = 50% of our dry weight  the term “carbon-based” life form

  6. - - - - - - = S 6 C + + + + + + carbon 12.011 How many protons? 6 atomic number atomicmass How many neutrons? 6 How many energy levels? 2 How many electrons? 6

  7. S carbon 12 - 12C C carbon 13 - 13C carbon carbon 14 - 14C 12 14 13 atomic number (6 protons) is constant number of neutrons may vary (6, 7, 8)  atomic mass varies Different atomic masses of the same element are called isotopes. Isotopes of carbon: 6

  8. C 1 2 1 6 2 3 4 5 6 What properties are used to position carbon on the periodic table? # of protons = atomic number + + + + # of energy levels + +

  9. Organic Molecules ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4) Inorganic Molecules INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)

  10. Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules CO2 water lipid protein most important inorganic compound in living things nucleic acid most cellular processes take place in water solutions carbohydrate excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water)

  11. Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen) are made by plants (autotrophs) are the body’s primary source of energy are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides come in two basic forms:monomers and polymers

  12. C CH2OH C C O H H H C C H OH OH OH H OH Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. Glucose is a monosaccharide. Other monosaccharides:fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar). C6 H12 O6 Note the ring shape of the molecule.

  13. CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH O O O H H H H H H H H H H H H OH OH OH C C C O OH OH O C C C C C C H H OH OH H OH C C C C C C Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs. Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides.

  14. Carbohydrates Review What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates? monosaccharide (simple sugars) What are the functions of carbohydrates? energy storage (short-term), structure or support Name examples of carbohydrates. glucose, starch, cellulose

  15. glycerol Lipids chemically diverse organic compounds contain C, H, O classified as saturated or unsaturated function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage also steroids (serve as chemical messengers) water insoluble examples: fats, oils, waxes

  16. H H H C C C H O O O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O H C O H H Lipids Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape made up of glycerol and fatty acids

  17. Lipids Review What are the molecules that make up lipids? glycerol and fatty acids What are the functions of lipids? energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones Name examples of lipids. body fat, oils, waxes

  18. image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif Proteins complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly 3D protein structure Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. contain C, O, H, N and usually S examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

  19. H H H H H H O O O N N N C C C C C C H H H OH OH OH R H C H OH H C H H Proteins are made up of anaminogroup a carboxyl group and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids Serine Alanine

  20. image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis. Protein Review What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? amino acids What are the functions of protein? structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions Name examples of proteins. muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

  21. nitrogen base sugar phosphate nitrogen base sugar phosphate nucleotide Nucleic Acids very large linear molecules contain C, H, N, O, P store genetic information, help to make proteins made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base examples: DNA and RNA DNA molecule

  22. Nucleic Acid Review What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids? nucleotides What are the compounds in a nucleotide? sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base What are the functions of nucleic acids? store genetic information, help to make proteins Name examples of nucleic acid. DNA, RNA

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