The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation

2. What is the role of the church coming out of the Middle Ages? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ra2t3S8jp8w

3. Church Organization • Pope • Cardinals • Archbishops • Bishops • (head of diocese, 2,800 diocese in world) • Priests • (413,00 in world!) • Monks/Nuns • Congregation

8. The Protestant Reformation • A series of events in the 1500s that led to a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism. • Nearly ¼ of all Christians in the world today are Protestants. • Most of the churches right here in Morehead are Protestant.

9. BELLWORK: ½ sheet of paper • Name 3 immoral practices Catholic leaders were accused of committing in the 15th/16th centuries.

10. Causes of the Reformation 1.) Renaissance attitude of secularism (worldiness) -spirit of curiosity, questioning things, and self- improvement was valued. 2.) Resentment of Church power and wealth -Political power, taxes, land ownership 3.) Church abuses (corruption) -misuse of money (lavish lifestyles) -fornication, gambling, drunkenness -pluralism and absenteeism neglecting spiritual duties -inadequate education, illiteracy

11. Jan Hus—an early reformer • Why was he excommunicated? • What is one argument he made regarding changing the church? •He is called to a council in 1414. What happens?

12. Martin Luther1483-1546 • From Germany, son of a copper miner • Lightning storm!! • 1505- entered a monastery • 1507- became an ordained priest • 1512- became a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg. • Struggled with anxiety over his salvation • “He who through faith is righteous shall live” • Began to disagree with Catholic Church teachings

14. Luther writes the 95 Theses • What prompted him? • The sale of indulgences (pardons for sins) • Remission, after death, of all or part of the punishment for sin • Replaced traditional act of penance (fasting, prayer, etc…) • Johann Tetzel – “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs” (collecting $ for rebuilding the church in Rome) • Luther’s protests: • Unfair to the poor • Gave people false sense of salvation • Disagreed that salvation could come from good deeds (like donating $)

16. 95 Theses • Oct. 31, 1517: Luther nailed the 95 Theseson the door of the Church. • Wanted reform, not to break from the church. • Quickly reprinted in the vernacular ; spread quickly due to the printing press. • Luther’s ideas were so popular because of the environment of backlash that already existed. • His popularity and followers make him a huge threat in the eyes of the Church.

17. Luther’s Teachings • -What Luther wanted to change: • No Indulgences • No Confession • No Pilgrimages • No Prayers to saints • Simplify ritual of the mass, instead focus on sermon • Clergy should be able to marry

18. Luther • Church officials asked him to recant; he refused • Summoned to appear at the Diet of Worms • Excommunicated and declared an outlaw • Protected by Frederic the Wise • Translated the New Testament into German during his year of hiding. • Some of his teachings had already been put into action = Lutherans – the first Protestant church.

19. Other Reformers • Ulrich Zwingli • John Calvin • Anabaptists

20. The Impact of the Printing Press • http://www.biography.com/people/johannes-gutenberg-9323828/videos/johannes-gutenberg-the-printing-press-26300995752

21. Johannes Gutenberg • Using technology from China and Korea, he cast the letters of the alphabet into a wooden press. • Text could be quickly printed on both sides of paper. • Result: books and printed material produced faster and cheaper, available to more people.

22. 1st publication: a 1,282 page Bible • Printers spread rapidly; within 35 years, a press was as far as Constantinople. • “30 buyers rise up for each volume…tearing one another’s eyes out to get ahold of them.” • Rapid access to new ideas. • Easier access to books=more people learned to read, more books printed. • Renaissance and Reformation ideas spread quickly!

23. How are the Renaissance, Reformation and Printing Press connected? • Renaissance: a time of learning and questioning, seeking answers • Reformers, disgusted with church, find answers in reading the Bible for themselves • The printing press allows for the Bible (and 95 Theses) to be read (in the common language!) by many. • Therefore, reformation, or change, spreads.

24. By 1560, see how religious beliefs have spread!

25. The Counter (or Catholic) Reformation: what’s a church to do?? • Catholics want to turn the tide of the Protestant Reformation: • The Council of Trent: over the course of 20 years, it meets to revise problems in the church. • Took steps to end abuses, educate clergy; reaffirmed doctrines and beliefs and the power of the pope.

26. The Inquisition • A church court to root out heretics • Outlaws books (especially Protestant and humanist books) • Index of Forbidden Books (includes Luther & Calvin) • Short excerpt: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUwzaaU27Ms

27. Jesuits • Founded by Ignatius of Loyola to defend and spread the Catholic faith • Set up schools • Later in U.S.: Loyola, Creighton, Gonzaga, Xavier, Georgetown, Boston College • Travel to “new worlds” as missionaries=lots of new Catholic converts

28. These attempts work; the majority of Europe is still Catholic, reform helps clean up abuses and the image of the church. • BUT…Protestantism still remained, had a number of followers.

29. “Religion Overthrowing Hatred & Heresy” What does this mean?

30. Witch Hunts • 50,000-80,000 killed through the inquisition/trials, but Protestants feared them too. • A combination of religious and magical beliefs that led people to believe these people (usually women) could perform witchcraft. • Causes: jealousies, natural disasters and disease, superstitions, threat to male power • Death: ducking, pricking, torture for confessions, burning at the stake, hangings • Declined by 1640’s; last in Europe in 1793; still practiced today

31. Persecution of Jews • Spain expelled them in 1492 • Italy began creating “ghettos” in 1516 • Many restrictions on Jews • Even Luther called for them to be expelled for not converting • Synagogues burned • Many flee to the North and to the Ottoman Empire (mideast)

32. End Result: • Europe would remain divided between Catholics and Protestants for centuries, leading to many bloody conflicts.