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AP English

AP English. Terms to Know . allegory extended metaphor. "This is a valley of ashes--a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens, where ashes take forms of houses and...of men..." (Fitzgerald 27). allusion reference to another text.

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AP English

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  1. AP English Terms to Know

  2. allegory extended metaphor "This is a valley of ashes--a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens, where ashes take forms of houses and...of men..." (Fitzgerald 27).

  3. allusion reference to another text "Have you read 'The rise of the Colored Empires' by this man Goddard?" (Fitzgerald 17).

  4. anaphora repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence…" (Winston Churchill)

  5. Anastrophereversal of the usual order of words Echoed the hills.

  6. appositive noun that follows another noun which defines or amplifies its meaning Orion, my orange cat, is sitting on the couch.

  7. apostropheThe direct address of an absent person as if he/she/it is able to reply. "O' Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?"

  8. AsyndetonThe omission of conjunctions between clauses "This is the villain among you who deceived you, who cheated you, who meant to betray you completely."

  9. DictionWord choice (formal/informal, concrete/abstract) Using "issue" instead of "problem."

  10. double entendre double meanings of a group of words that the writer has purposely left ambiguous Ex 1: "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!" (Shelley).Ex 2: "West Egg especially still figures into my more fantastic dreams" (Fitzgerald 185).

  11. enthymemeLogical reasoning with one premise left unstated We cannot trust this man, for he has perjured himself in the past. (Missing: Those who perjure themselves cannot be trusted.)

  12. Epistropherepetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us" (Emerson).

  13. epithet word or phrase adding a characteristic to a person's name Alexander the Great

  14. erotemaasking a question to assert or deny something indirectly (not for an answer) "How much longer must our people endure this injustice?"

  15. Euphemismindirect expression of unpleasant information in such way as to lesson its impact "Passed way" for "died."

  16. hyperbole exaggeration for effect "I told you a billion times not to exaggerate."

  17. litotes Understatement "This is no ordinary city" rather than "this is an impressive city".

  18. Personificationgiving human characteristics to inanimate objects The stars danced playfully in the sky.

  19. polysyndetonRepetition of conjunctions in close succession "We have ships and men and money and stores."

  20. polyptotonRepetition of words derived from the same root Repeating words like "strong," "skillful," and "strength."

  21. protagonist The main character; the figure who the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward Ex: Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath.

  22. pun play on words "I moss say I'm taking a lichen to that fungi."

  23. rhetorical question posed by the writer without the intention of receiving an answer "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (Shakespeare).

  24. SoliloquyDialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or herself "To be or not to be, that is the question…“ (Shakespeare).

  25. style The choices that writers or speakers make in language for effect Part of John Steinbeck's style is to focus on the setting in novels like The Grapes of Wrath.

  26. syllogism Logical reasoning All mortals die. All humans are mortal. All humans die.

  27. zeugma one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning He governs his will and his kingdom. She bolted her stomach and the door. 

  28. Rhetoricanalyzing all the choices involving language that the writer/speaker/reader/listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation Diction, scheme, trope, argument, and syntax

  29. periodic sentence loose sentence sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject and verb Independent dependent • sentence with modifying elements included before the verb • Dependent independent

  30. mood feeling that a text is intended to produce in the audience In The Grapes of Wrath, the mood is mostly dark and gloomy.

  31. subordinate clause group of words that includes a subject and verb but that cannot stand on its own as a sentence (dependent clause) After the dog slept

  32. Ethos Logos Pathos The appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator. The appeal of a text based on the logical structure of its argument The appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the audience

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