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The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation. R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16 c.

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The Protestant Reformation

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  1. TheProtestantReformation

  2. R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16c Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice-regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation.

  3. Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545

  4. Causes of the Reformation? • Crises of the 14th & 15th centuries • Corruption in the Catholic Church • Simony • Pluralism • Absenteeism • Sale of indulgences • Nepotism • Moral decline of the Papacy • Clerical ignorance • Criticism • John Wycliff (1329-84) • Jan Hus (1369-1415) • Thomas a’ Kempis (1380-1471) • Erasmus

  5. The Spread of the Printing Press

  6. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

  7. Martin Luther • At father’s urgings began to study law at the University of Erfurt. • Epiphany • Augustinian Monk and later Professor at University of Wittenberg, Saxony • Philosophical problem- How could good works ensure salvation?

  8. Tetzel and Indulgences • Crusades • Cathedral of Saint Peter • Leo X commissioned Tetzel to sell indulgences to finance this venture • “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs.”

  9. 95 Theses • October 31, 1517 • Nailed or delivered???? • Criticism of Church authority • Questioned scriptural authority • Initial indifference from Leo X • Defiance & protection • Debate • 1520 Published theology of reform • Excommunication- 1520 ExurgeDomine

  10. The Spread of Lutheranism

  11. Diet of Wurms (Worms) 1521 • Mandated for excommunications by Charles V • Luther refused to recant • “Here I stand, I can do no other” • “Edict of Wurms” • Protected by Frederick III • Confessions of Augsburg 1530 • Many German states turn to Lutheranism • Seizure of Catholic Church lands

  12. Charles V, HRE (Hapsburg) • STOP the spread of Protestantism • Tried to maintain religious unity in fragmented Empire • Focused on war with Ottomans and dynastic struggle in France (really sought to unify Europe)

  13. The Peasant Revolt – 1524-1525

  14. aka Peasant’s War, German Peasant’s Revolt, Swabian Peasant’s Uprising • Twelve Articles: • Demanded end to serfdom, tithes, hunting rights, & other feudal practices • Peasants resort to extreme violence • Luther • People should obey worldly authorities • Sympathetic but abhors their violence • Urges German princes to meet violence with violence. • BOTH Catholic and Lutheran forces will take part in smashing the revolt- est 100k dead

  15. Taking Sides • Schmalkalden League • Formed by Lutheran princes to defend against Charles V • Francis I of France allies with • Habsburg-Valois Wars (5X—1521-55) • Catholic France supports Lutherans to keep Germany divided • Charles wins but at what cost? • Lutheranism spread everywhere • Charles gives up on restoring Catholicism to the HRE

  16. 1555 Peace of Augsburg • Cuiusregio, eiusreligio • Voluntary(?) resettlement by religion • Results in permanent religious division • Reaffirms the independence of many German states • This division stunted German nationalism; Germany will not be unified as a state until 1871

  17. MORE PROTESTANTS • Anabaptists: • Rejected secular agreements • No childhood baptism • Rejected the Trinity • Longterm • Mennonites • Quakers • Unitarians

  18. Calvin’s World in the 16c

  19. calvinism • John Calvin 1509-1564 • Studies as a priest and then a…. • LAWYER • Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) • “Predestination” • Theocracy in Zurich 1540 • Consistory • Presbyterianism (Scotland) • Puritans

  20. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

  21. ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

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