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Chapter 9- Civil War In Oklahoma

Chapter 9- Civil War In Oklahoma. 1820-1865. Section 1. What differences between the North and South led to the Civil War?. Attempts to keep peace. 1819- US has 22 states- 11 free and 11 slave states Missouri Compromise (1820) Borders of western states settled

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Chapter 9- Civil War In Oklahoma

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  1. Chapter 9- Civil War In Oklahoma 1820-1865

  2. Section 1 What differences between the North and South led to the Civil War?

  3. Attempts to keep peace • 1819- US has 22 states- 11 free and 11 slave states • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Borders of western states settled • North- Maine as a free state • South- Missouri as a slave state • Draws 36 ⁰ 30 ⁰ line

  4. Missouri Compromise

  5. Attempts to keep peace • 1849 – California wants to become a state (making # unbalanced) • South threatens succession (to break away) from US • Compromise of 1850 • Texas New Mexico boundary drawn • 10$ million dollars to Texas to pay debts to Mexico • Northern boundary of Texas establish (Oklahoma’s border too) • North: California admitted as a free state • South: Fugitive Slave Act (required all citizens to recover fugitive slaves) • Kansas-Nebraska Act • 2 new states • Popular Sovereignty- people living in the states would decide on slavery

  6. Election of 1860- The final straw

  7. Reaction to the Election • Southern states began process to secede • South Carolina was first on December 20, 1860 • February 1861: • Confederate States of America formed: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas • Jefferson Davis elected president of Confederacy • War broke out • April 1861 at Charleston, SC (Fort Sumter) • Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia joined the Confederacy

  8. Chapter 9 Essay Question • By the end of the Civil War, the Indians had nothing left. They were in worse shape than when they had arrived after the removals. Explain how and why this happened.

  9. Taking Sides • Why the confederacy wanted Oklahoma? • Resources • A Western base for their military • Fierce fighters • Texas • Confederate state • Take over forts in Southern Oklahoma • Problems: • No more pay out from US Government (Union) • No federal troops • Must fend for themselves

  10. Indian soldiers • John Ross • Signs treaty that Cherokee will fight with Confederates (1861) • Stand Waite • Cherokee half-blood and rival power for John Ross • Started the Cherokee Mounted Rifles • Each tribe starts its own Calvary supported by Texas Calvary

  11. Loyalty Divided • Civil War brought out differences in the Indians’ views • Creek Indians divided • Upper and Lower Creek, Lower want to stay with Union, known as Loyal Creek (6,500 w/other tribes) • Nov. 1861: Confederate Col. Cooper attacked Loyal Creek at Round Mountain – no clear winner, but Creeks lost supplies along the way

  12. Pea Ridge • Confederates won most of the first battles of the war • Battle of Pea Ridge (NW Arkansas) Results: Weakened Confederate position Indian Expedition formed: to regain Indian Territory for Union Union takes Ft. Gibson and welcomed by Cherokees Confederates Lose

  13. Other divisions • Cow skin Prairie Council • Feb. 1863 • Cherokee withdraw from Confederacy • Declare Stand Watie and his followers outlaws • Abolished Slavery • Now 2 Cherokee governments

  14. Major Battles • The Battle at Cabin Creek • Stand Watie and Confederates vs. all other Oklahoma Indians (Union) near Ft. Gibson • First battle that Black, White and Indian fought together • Battle at Honey Springs • July 17th 1863 • Indian Union forces and black Kansas infantry hold off confederates. • Largest, most decisive battle in the Civil War in Oklahoma

  15. Black troops • Aug. 1862: • first unit of African American soldiers – First Kansas Colored Infantry • 1864: 11thRegiment • U.S. Colored Troops • 265 men deployed in Indian Territory to guard supplies • attacked by 300-400 Confederate troops, but held their ground

  16. Guerrilla warfare • From Sept. 1863- with the fall of Ft. Smith to surrenders of confederate Indians in the summer of 1865 , the only warfare in Indian Territory was guerilla warfare.

  17. End of war • April 9, 1965 at Appomattox Courthouse • Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant • Last Confederate General to surrender • Stand Watie

  18. Devastation round 2 • Land devastated • Many soldiers, men, women maimed or dead • Livestock, fences, fields destroyed • No money • 14,000 refugees • Rebuilding must occur

  19. Chapter 9 Essay Question • By the end of the Civil War, the Indians had nothing left. They were in worse shape than when they had arrived after the removals. Explain how and why this happened.

  20. Level Questions • Level 1 question- (fill in the blank) • EX: _________ is the name for the day when the stock market crashed. • Level 2- (not in the text, read between lines) • EX: Compare and contrast…. • EX: Describe your own words….. • EX: How is _____ related to_______...... • Level 3- (Hypothesis, or application, much like an essay) • EX: do you agree that ...? what do you think about ...? what is the most important ...? place the following in order of priority ...

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