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Modern Germany

Modern Germany. Lecture 2: 1848 and German Unification. Burschenshaften and the Wartburg Festival (1817). Romanticism, nationalism, and reaction. Romanticism (human feelings, intuition, the primitive) versus the Enlightenment (human reason, civilization)

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Modern Germany

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  1. Modern Germany Lecture 2: 1848 and German Unification

  2. Burschenshaften and the Wartburg Festival (1817)

  3. Romanticism, nationalism, and reaction • Romanticism (human feelings, intuition, the primitive) versus the Enlightenment (human reason, civilization) • Different understandings of the French Revolution (Freiheit, Libertät) • Student fraternities (Burschenschaften) • Suppression by German rulers (conservatism, Klemens von Metternich)

  4. European revolts, 1848-49

  5. Revolutions of 1848 • Affect German society and culture • Affect German unification in 1871 • “Failure” of German liberalism • Sonderweg (Fritz Fischer)? • David Blackbourn, Geoff Eley • Socioeconomic trends in history

  6. Revolutions of 1848 • Sweep Western and Central Europe • Role of modern ideologies • Socioeconomic factors (crop failures, industrial revolution) • Liberalism, socialism (France) • Nationalism, socialism (German & Italian states, Austrian Empire) • Conservatives on the run

  7. Liberty leading the people (Paris, 1830)

  8. Daumier, “The Legislative Belly” (1830)

  9. Barricade on Boulevard Monmartre, Paris, 1848

  10. Nationalities of the Austrian Empire

  11. Defending the barricades: Prague, 1848

  12. Lynching the Minister of Defense, Vienna, October 1848

  13. Socialists and liberals in Paris (1848)

  14. A national workshop, Paris, 1848

  15. March 1848, Berlin

  16. Results of 1848 revolutions • All defeated • Social and national divisions • Fears of the middle class • Liberals change tactics • Yet some reforms kept • Universal male suffrage (France) • Abolition of serfdom (Austrian Empire) • Parliaments (German, Italian states)

  17. Forces of order in Frankfurt, September 1848

  18. Napoleon III rebuilding Paris

  19. Garibaldi, an Italian nationalist

  20. Garibaldi as a general in the Sardinian Army

  21. Count Camillo Cavour, Prime Minister of Sardinia, and Realpolitik

  22. German unification • Many German states before 1870s • Failure of liberals 1848 • Austria = multinational empire • Prussia = economic and military power

  23. Nationalities of the Austrian Empire

  24. German unification, 1866-71

  25. Otto von Bismarck • Prussian prime minister • Political realism (Realpolitik): “blood and iron”

  26. Bismarck

  27. Austro-Prussian War 1866 • Struggle for power over German states • Austria defeated by Prussians • North German Confederation created

  28. Franco-Prussian War 1870 • United Germany • Industrialization = world power status • European balance of power disrupted • A “people’s war” (French vs. Germans)

  29. War Fever in Paris, 19 July 1870

  30. Crowning in Versailles, 1871

  31. German Unification: The French View, 1871

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