The Protestant Reformation

1. TheProtestantReformation

2. Contributing Factors to the Reformation • Precipitating Factors • 100 Years War and Black Death • Renaissance secularism and humanism • Emphasis on individual • Scientific advances • The printing press • Church greed and corruption • Wealth and excess of Church leaders (Borgia and Medici Popes) • Lay investiture • Avignon papacy • Sale of indulgences

3. Luther and the German Reformation • Luther troubled by the sale of indulgences • Tetzel was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517 • Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517

4. Luther and the German Reformation • Pope pays little attention to the Luther at first • Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication • Luther goes into hiding 1521 • The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany

5. The Spread of Lutheranism

6. The Printing Press

7. Henry and the English Reformation • Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon • Henry seeks an annulment • Henry creates the Church of England (Anglican) and establishes supremacy over it • A “political reformation” only at first

8. Zurich • Very urban, cosmopolitan • Reformer Ulrich Zwingli opposed purgatory, clerical celibacy, intercession of the saints, and salvation by works • The death of Zwingli

9. Geneva (French-speaking) • John Calvin’s leadership in Geneva (1541-1564) • Stress on order and rigorous adherence to God’s law • A “Quasi-theocracy” • Very austere religion practiced in Geneva • Self-discipline and the “Protestant Work Ethic” and notion of predestination

10. Calvin’s World in the 16c

11. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

12. The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

13. ReformationEurope(Late 16c)