The Cold War 1945-1991

1. The Cold War 1945-1991

2. Preliminary decisions made for end of war. YALTA (in the USSR) Date: Feb 1945 Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin

3. United Nations Created • April, 1945 – San Francisco, CA • 51 nations agreed • Two bodies of UN • General Assembly – any member (nation) same voting rights. • Security Council – 5 permanent members can veto over general assembly • 10 rotating temporary members

4. Split Germany • Demilitarize Germany • Nazi Party outlawed • German democracy • Trials for war criminals POTSDAM (Germany) Date: July 1945 Present: Churchill, Truman and Stalin

5. Iron Curtain – A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separating of Those communist lands of East Europe from the West. Divided Germany

7. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment”of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. GOAL spread world-wide Communism • METHODOLOGIES: • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

8. Soviet Nations-nations under Soviet domination that would serve as buffer zones to an attack • Poland • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • Hungary • Romania • Finland • East Germany

10. The Bipolarization of Europe

11. Origins of Cold War • Post WWII – US/Soviet relations severed • Soviet Nations created • US intervenes • Truman Doctrine • Spread of Communism is a threat to democracy • Containment policy – contain communism, prevent from spreading. • Ends “isolationist policy” of US. • Issue of Greece and Turkey • Could not allow soviet control of Dardanelles • $400 million in aid to protect

12. Marshall Plan • European Recovery Program aimed at providing economic assistance to European countries. • Sec. of State – George Marshall • East Germany benefits from Marshall Plan • Four years - $13 billion in grants and loans to Europe. • Showed U.S. economic strength at end of war.

14. Berlin Airlift • Goal: Unify four sectors into Germany • June, 1948 – Soviets oppose unifying Germany all together. • Federal Republic of Germany • Three sectors unite - US, France and G. Britain. • Problem: • East Berlin – Communist • West Berlin – Capitalist • Soviets blockade food, resources into West Berlin by land and water traffic. • West Berlin facing starvation

15. East Germany West Germany

16. Divided Berlin Improve your knowledge • The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.

17. Berlin Airlift • Thousands flee to West Berlin to escape communist rule • 13,000 tons of goods arrived by air from the US to West Berlin

18. Communist Advances • Soviet atomic threat • September 1949 • Successful atomic test explosion in Soviet Union • US fears effect of Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Truman forges ahead to maintain US arm superiority • Hydrogen bomb (thermonuclear) 1952 • Federal Civil Defense Administration created • Planned for bomb shelters, instruction for aid raid drills in schools • HONESTLY – totally pointless

19. Improve your knowledge • The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid Russian development of nuclear technology, helped by the work of the “atom spies” was a shock.Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945 and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a position for the post-war settlement. This helped make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more likely.

20. China Falls to Communists • Mao Zedong – communist • Jiang Jieshi a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek – nationalist • Jiang asked US for support to hold off communist takeover of China • US wanted to focus in Western Europe • China Falls: 1949 • People’s Republic of China created • Leader: Mao Zedong • Jiang and followers withdrew to Taiwan

21. SECTION 2: THE COLD WAR HEATS UP • CHINA: For two decades, Chinese communists had struggled against the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-Shek The U.S. supported Chiang and gave the Nationalist Party $3 billion in aid during WWII However, Mao Zedong’s Communist Party in China was strong, especially among Chinese peasants

22. CHINESE CIVIL WAR: 1944-1947 • After Japan left China at the end of the War, Chinese Nationalists and Communists fought a bloody civil war • Despite the U.S. sending $ billions to the Nationalists, the Communists under Mao won the war and ruled China • Chiang and the Nationalists fled China to neighboring Taiwan (Formosa) • Mao established the People’s Republic of China MAO Kai-Shek

23. Cold War at Home • HUAC created (1938) • House Un-American Activities Committee • Focused on communist infiltration of the movie industry • Ie. Hollywood Ten, blacklists etc.

24. NATO FORMED • The Berlin blockade increased Western Europe’s fear of Soviet aggression • As a result, ten West European nations joined the U.S and Canada on April 4, 1949 to form a defensive alliance known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization The NATO flag

27. Spy Cases • Ethel and Julius Rosenberg • Communist Party immigrants • Accused of passing atomic secrets to Soviets. • Convicted of treason and executed in 1953

28. Korea before the War After World War II, Japanese-occupied Korea was temporarily divided into northern and southern parts. The Soviet Union controlled Korea north of the 38th parallel. The United States would be in charge of Korea south of the 38th parallel. The Soviet Union established a communist government in North Korea. North Korea called itself the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Its first leader was Kim Il Sung. In South Korea, the United States promoted a democratic system. The Republic of Korea was led by president Syngman Rhee.

29. Korean War[1950-1953] Soviet Occupied North Divided at the 38th Parallel American Occupied South

30. The Start of the Korean War • North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. • United States was surprised by attack. • American troops in South Korea since WW II had completed their withdrawal. • The United States was not prepared to fight in Korea • Truman US would take a stand against Communist in Korea. • The United Nations Security Council voted unanimously in favor of the use of force in Korea. • Douglass MacArthur (leader of UN forces in Korea)

31. Korean War[1950-1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee

32. The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]

33. Major Battle Assault on Inchon

34. AN ARMISTICE IS SIGNED • Negotiators began working on a settlement as early as the summer of 1951 • Finally, in July 1953, an agreement was signed that ended the war in a stalemate (38th parallel) • America’s cost: 54,000 lives and $67 billion Korean War Memorial, Washington D.C.

35. Effects of Korean War • First time African Americans and whites served in the same military units. • 54,000 killed with limited results. • War concluded without nuclear weapons. • Huge increase in military spending. • ½ of federal budget went to military. • U.S./Chinese relations poisoned by Korean War • Known as the “forgotten war”

36. Korean War Memorial

37. McCarthyism

38. THE BLACKLIST TEN • Ten witnesses refused to cooperate because they believed the proceedings were unconstitutional – they were jailed • Subsequently, the committee blacklisted 500 actors, directors, writers and producers whom they believed had communist connections The “Blacklist Ten” (And two lawyers)

39. SPY CASES STUN THE NATION • Two spy cases added to the fear gripping the nation • Alger Hiss was accused of being a spy for the Soviets • A young Republican congressman named Richard Nixon gained fame by tirelessly prosecuting Hiss • Hiss was found guilty and jailed – less than four years later Nixon was VP Nixon examines microfilm in Hiss case

40. MCCARTHY LAUNCHES “WITCH HUNT” • The most famous anti-Communist activist was Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican from Wisconsin • McCarthy took advantage of people’s concern about Communism by making unsupported claims that 205 state department members were Communists

41. MCCARTHY’S DOWNFALL • Finally, in 1954 McCarthy went too far • He accused high ranking Army officers of being Communists • In the televised proceedings McCarthy’s bullying of witnesses alienated the national audience • Three years later he died of alcoholism at age 49 McCarthy’s attacking style and utter lack of evidence led to his downfall

42. McCarthy’s reckless claims: • Senator Joseph McCarthy (1950) • list of 205 State Department employees that were members of the Communist party.

45. · McCarthy’s claim was never proven, but he helped to increase a fear of communism in America known as the “Red Scare”. · After thousands of Americans had their lives ruined after being accused of being communists, McCarthy’s popularity lessened as the nation learned that he had no proof behind his accusations.

46. McCarthyism • According to the cartoon, what does McCarthy really have, instead of proof? • What is the message of the cartoon?

47. Nuclear Arms Race U.S. vs. Soviets

48. What Have We Done? Only country in the world to carry out a nuclear attack? • United States, on Japan, WWII • Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) Fat Man and Little Boy

49. MACARTHUR VS. TRUMAN • MacArthur continued to urge President Truman to attack China and tried to go behind Truman’s back – Truman was furious with his general • On April 1, 1951, Truman made the shocking announcement that he had fired MacArthur • Americans were surprised and many still supported their fallen general Macarthur was given a ticker-tape parade

50. AN ARMISTICE IS SIGNED • Negotiators began working on a settlement as early as the summer of 1951 • Finally, in July 1953, an agreement was signed that ended the war in a stalemate (38th parallel) • America’s cost: 54,000 lives and $67 billion Korean War Memorial, Washington D.C.