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Cold War Developments: A Bipartisan Consensus Emerges (1956-1963)

Explore how a bipartisan consensus emerged during the Cold War period from 1956 to 1963, focusing on key events such as the Eisenhower Doctrine, construction of the national highway system, CIA covert actions, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and JFK's foreign policy initiatives.

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Cold War Developments: A Bipartisan Consensus Emerges (1956-1963)

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  1. Cold War Developments, 1956-1963 In what ways did a bipartisan consensus emerge during the Cold War?

  2. The Eisenhower Doctrine • A country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state. Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism.“ • made in response to the Soviet Union’s attempt to use the Suez War as a pretext to enter Egypt.

  3. The Cold War Under “Ike” • Interstate Highway Act (1956) • Construction of national highway system using tax dollars • created jobs; expanded travel, industry, trucking • Funded as Cold War defense strategy • Brinkmanship (Dulles) • Willingness to go to the brink of war would block Soviet expansion • Nuclear buildup, H-Bomb • MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction • Fallout shelters, “duck and cover” • Post-colonialism • India, Pakistan, Ghana • CIA Covert Action • Iran – overthrew elected government to restore Reza Pahlavi • Guatemala – overthrew leftist government

  4. The Cold War Under “Ike” • Hungarian Revolt • US took no action as Soviets crushed revolt to maintain its sphere of influence • Sputnik – Soviets beat us to space • NASA • National Defense Education Act • emphasis on science, foreign languages • Communist Revolution in Cuba • Military Industrial Complex • President warned about the relationship between industry and military, which grew rapidly in scale and influence in the wake of World War II

  5. Cuba and the Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Failed attempt to overthrow Castro Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) US naval blockade Agreement: Soviets removed missiles from Cuba and US agreed not to launch air strike and to remove missiles from Turkey Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) JFK: Liberal Cold Warrior

  6. JFK Foreign Policy • “Flexible response” in dealing with communism • Alliance for Progress • aimed to establish greater economic cooperation between North and South America • Peace Corps • Americans volunteer to help underdeveloped nations in areas such as education, farming, health care, and construction. • West Berlin speech • On June 26, 1963, Kennedy visited West Berlin and gave a public speech criticizing communism, using the construction of the Berlin Wall as an example of the failures of communism. • Vietnam • Kennedy increased the number of U.S. military in Vietnam from 800 to 16,300 • faced a crisis in Vietnam: despite increased U.S. support, the South Vietnamese military was only marginally effective against pro-Communist Viet Minh and Viet Cong forces.

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