How and Why Religion Developed David S. Alkek, MD

1. How and Why Religion DevelopedDavid S. Alkek, MD The Spiritual Brain

2. Some definitions of religion • Human recognition of a superhuman controlling power and especially of a personal God entitled to obedience. (Oxford Dictionary) • Any specific system of belief and worship often involving a code of ethics and a philosophy. (Webster's New World Dictionary) • A system of social coherence based on a common group of beliefs or attitudes concerning an object, person, unseen being or system of thought considered to be supernatural. sacred, divine, or brightest truth, and the moral codes, practices, values, institutions, traditions and rituals associated with such belief or system of thought. (Wikipedia) • A religion is : (1) a system of symbols which acts to (2) establish powerful, pervasive and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by (3) formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and (4) clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that (5) the moods and motivation seem uniquely realistic. (Clifford Geertz) • A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden – beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them. (Emile Durkheim)

3. Components commonly attributed to religions • Belief in the supernatural • Shared membership in a social movement • Costly and visible proof of commitment • Practical rules for behavior (morality) • Belief that supernatural forces can be influenced to intervene in worldly life (prayer and sacrifice)

4. Scientific approaches to why religion developed • The functional or adaptive approach • Evolutionary psychology approach • Search for causal explanations

5. The search for causal explanations • The brain seeks cause or agency to anticipate danger for survival • Agency attributed to ourselves, other people, animals, material objects, unseen spirits • Explanation of consequences for our behavior • Explanation of illness • Causal explanation for events for which science has no answers • Religion as a by-product of the brain’s search for causal explanations and making predictions

6. Paleontological evidence of religion • Cave paintings • Shamanism • Neolithic and modern rituals • Homo religiosus

7. Precursors to development of religion • Art • Dance • Ritual • Myth • Neuroscientific Basis

8. Development of social units and religion • Band A few dozen individuals belonging to one or several extended families • Tribe Hundreds of individuals, dozens of families, divided into clans • Chiefdom Thousands of individuals in sedentary villages • State Up to one or several million, multi-ethnic societies

9. Characteristics of the Band • A few dozen, one or several extended families • Nomadic hunter-gatherers or garden farmers • Everyone knows everyone else well • Group decisions reached face-to-face • No formal political leadership • No economic specialization • Egalitarian and democratic • Members differ little in wealth, few possessions • No religious organization • Most humans lived this way until about 11,000 years ago

10. Characteristics of the Tribe • Hundreds of individuals, dozens of families, divided into clans • Requires more food so usually farmers or herders , or both • In sedentary villages near their food supply • Like band in being egalitarian, no economic specialization and face-to-face decision making • Some have a “big man” who functions as leader by his power of persuasion and personality, not any authority • No organized religion but there may be shamans who help heal They also must provide their own food

11. Characteristics of the Chiefdom • Contains thousands of people • Requires higher food production to store food surpluses to feed non-food producing specialists • Sedentary villages and hamlets • Impossible for everyone to know everyone else • Organized chief with authority to make decisions and punish • Development of shared ideology, political, and religious identity • Development of warrior class • Chief assisted by other officials • Redistributive economy. The chief collects tribute of food and labor and redistributes it to warriors, officials, priests, and craftsmen • Institutionalized inequality with hereditary castes • Institutionalized religion with priests and temples • These began to arise around 5500 BCE

12. Characteristics of the State • Up to 1 million or several million • Multi-ethnic societies • Specialized spheres and layers of bureaucrats, priests and standing armies • Economic specialization, stratification and urbanization • Highly organized religion and priesthood • Emerged from about 3400 BCE

13. Functions of religion • Supernatural explanations • Diffusing anxiety through ritual • Providing comfort about pain and death • Standardized organization • Preaching political obedience • Moral codes of behavior towards strangers • Justification of wars

14. Changes in religion’s functions through time

15. Neuroscientific evidence • The brain seeks a working model of the world • The myth-making brain • The brain and rituals • The believing brain • Neurotransmitters • How the brain changes god • How god changes the brain

16. Why God Won’t Go Away Basic functions or goals of the brain A. A mechanism of self-maintenance B. A mechanism of self-transcendence