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Non communicable diseases

Are non infectious diseases, usually chronic diseases of long duration and generally slow progression. Examples: Heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, Hypertension , Liver cirrhosis, Diabetes mellitus, and Genetic diseases.

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Non communicable diseases

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  1. Are non infectious diseases, usually chronic diseases of long duration and generally slow progression. Examples:Heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, Hypertension , Liver cirrhosis, Diabetes mellitus, and Genetic diseases. They are the leading cause of mortality in the world, representing more than 60% of all deaths. (WHO) Non communicable diseases Risk factors tobacco use, alcohol consumption, raised lipid levels, overweight, low fruit/vegetable intake, physical inactivity

  2. 1. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) What are cardiovascular diseases? CVDs are the number one cause of death globally: more people die annually from CVDs than from any other cause. • Are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels including: • Coronary heart disease: disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle. • Peripheral arterial disease: disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs. • Rheumatic heart disease: damage to the heart muscle and heart. valves from rheumatic fever, caused by β- hemolytic streptococci bacteria. • Congenital heart disease: malformations of heart structure existing at birth. • Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs.

  3. What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease? Prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases

  4. 2. Cancer • Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide • Cancer arises from one single cell. The transformation from a normal cell into a tumor cell is a multistage process. • What causes cancer? the interaction between a person's genetic factors and three categories of external agents, including: • Physical, • Chemical • Biological agents Also aging promotes cancer

  5. Biological agents Some examples of infections associated with certain cancers: Bacteria: Helicobacter pylori and stomach cancer. Parasites: Schistosomiasis and bladder cancer. • Viruses: • Hepatitis B and liver cancer, • Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and cervical cancer • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Kaposi sarcoma.

  6. Early detection • About one-third of the cancer burden could be decreased if cases were detected and treated early. The aim is to detect the cancer when it is localized (before metastasis). There are two components of early detection efforts: Education to help people recognize early signs of cancer and seek prompt medical attention for symptoms. Screening programs to identify early cancer or pre-cancer before signs are recognizable

  7. 3. Diabetes mellitus • Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs either when: • the pancreas does not produce insulin, Type 1 diabetes • there is an impairment in the release of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells Type 2 diabetes • the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Type 2 diabetes • Insulin:is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. • Hyperglycemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems.

  8. Type 1 diabetes • (previously known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM), juvenile or childhood-onset) • requires daily administration of insulin. • Factors involved are: Autoimmunity, genetic susceptibility, and some viral infections • Symptoms include:

  9. Type 2 diabetes formerly called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)or adult-onset) • Gestational diabetes is hyperglycemia with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Its symptoms of are similar to Type 2 diabetes.

  10. What are common consequences (results or effects) of diabetes? • Heart disease and stroke. • Retinopathy blindness, • Kidney failure. • Diabetic neuropathy is damage of the nerves • Neuropathy + Reduced blood flow Foot ulcers

  11. Diagnosis and treatment Early diagnosis can be accomplished through relatively inexpensive blood testing. Treatment of diabetes involves lowering blood glucose and the levels of other known risk factors that damage blood vessels. Blood pressure control & foot care. Stopping smoking Tobacco to avoid complications.

  12. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Chronic bronchitis:the presence of a productive cough lasting at least 3 months and occurring annually for at least 2 years • Emphysema:abnormal permanent enlargement of alveoli, accompanied by the destruction of their walls. • Asthma • The most common symptoms of COPD are: breathlessness, or a 'need for air', excessive sputum production, and a chronic cough.

  13. Causes

  14. Hypertension What Causes High Blood Pressure? 1. Primary Hypertension = Cause unknown in 90 to 95% of cases 2. Secondary Hypertension = 5 to 10%

  15. Control of hypertension What Causes High Blood Pressure? Controllable Risk Factors * Increased salt intake * Obesity * Alcohol * Stress * Lack of exercise • Uncontrollable Risk Factors • * Heredity • Age: Men between age 35 -50 • Women after menopause

  16. Tobacco

  17. Tobacco • Tobacco products are made of leaf tobacco, which contain nicotine; a highly addictive psychoactive chemical • Tar: particulate matter and the most destructive component, accumulating in the smoker's lungs over time and damaging them, it also damages the mouth by rotting and blackening teeth . • Gases: Carbon monoxide increases the chance of cardiovascular diseases. • More than 19 carcinogen such as: Nitrosamines and Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons that bind to cell DNA causing mutation • Metals: Cadmium, nickel, arsenic

  18. Nosocomial diseases (Hospitally acquired infection)

  19. They are derived from patients, working staff or environment. The agents frequently involved in hospital infection are: 1) Bacteria: E. coli, hemolytic streptococci of gpA, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2)Virus: Hepatitis B, herpes simplex and influenza or other respiratory viruses. - Microorganisms are resistant due to heavy use of antibiotics in hospitals. Identification of Nosocomial infections 1- Isolation of the causative agent. 2- Microscopic, cultural & biochemical identification. 3- Typing of the causative agent

  20. Causes

  21. Prevention and control of Nosocomial diseases 1- Isolation of infectious cases including hospital staff 2- Disinfection of articles (bed pans ... etc) i- Concurrent disinfection: Immediate disinfection of all contaminated materials during the course of illness. ii- Terminal disinfection: Disinfection after recovery of the patient or the death. • 3- Sanitation • i- Vacuum cleaning of air and adequate ventilation • ii- Washing hands with disinfectants • iii- Wearing sterile coats and gloves.

  22. 4 Major Types of Infections 1 – Blood stream infections 2 – Pneumonia 3 – Urinary tract infection 4 – Surgical site infection

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