Non-Communicable Diseases

1. Non-Communicable Diseases Lesson 1

2. Bell Activity • What is a non-communicable disease? • A. A disease that you don’t talk about. • B. A disease that attacks your social skills. • C. A disease that can’t be passed around. • D. A disease that can be passed around.

3. Health Goal # 28 • I will be informed about my heredity.

4. What is it?? • A non-communicable disease, or NCD, is a medical condition or disease which is non-infectious.

5. About NCDs • NCDs are diseases of long duration and generally slow progression. • They include: heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and more.

6. Non-infectious • While often referred to as "chronic diseases", NCDs are distinguished by their non-infectious cause. • The World Health Organization (WHO) reports NCDs to be by far the leading cause of mortality in the world, representing over 60% of all deaths.

7. Death from NCD • Out of the 35 million people who died from NCDs in 2005, half were under age 70 and half were women. • Risk factors such as a person's background, lifestyle and environment are known to increase the likelihood of certain NCDs.

8. Death from NCD • Every year, at least 5 million people die because of tobacco use and about 2.8 million die from being overweight. • High cholesterol accounts for roughly 2.6 million deaths and 7.5 million die because of high blood pressure.

9. Risk Factors • Risk factors such as a person's background, lifestyle and environment are known to increase the likelihood of certain non-communicable diseases. • They include: age, sex, genetics, exposure to air pollution, and behaviors such as smoking, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity which can lead to hypertension and obesity, in turn leading to increased risk of many NCDs.

10. Are they preventable? • Most NCDs are considered preventable because they are caused by modifiable risk factors. • What does “modifiable” mean?

11. Five Important Risk Factors • The WHO's World Health Report 2002 identified five important risk factors for non-communicable disease in the top ten leading risks to health. These are raised blood pressure, raised cholesterol, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and overweight.

12. Eliminate the Risk Factors • It has been estimated that if the primary risk factors were eliminated, 80% of the cases of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes and 40% of cancers could be prevented.

13. Interventions • Interventions targeting the main risk factors could have a significant impact on reducing the burden of disease worldwide. • Efforts focused on better diet and increased physical activity have been shown to control the prevalence of NCDs

14. Environmental Diseases • NCDs include many environmental diseases, covering a broad category of avoidable and unavoidable human health conditions caused by external factors, such as sunlight, food, pollution, and lifestyle choices. • The diseases of affluence are non-infectious diseases with environmental causes.

15. Examples of Environmental Diseases • Examples include: • - Many types of cardiovascular disease (CVD) • - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused by smoking tobacco • - Diabetes mellitus type 2 • - Lower back pain caused by too little exercise • - Malnutrition caused by too little food, or eating the wrong kinds of food (e.g. scurvy from lack of Vitamin C) • - Skin cancer caused by radiation from the sun

16. Inherited Diseases • Genetic disorders are caused by errors in genetic information that produce diseases in the affected people. These errors may include: • A change in the chromosome numbers, such as Down syndrome • A defect in a single gene caused by mutation • A rearrangement of genetic information.

17. Inherited Diseases Cont’d • Cystic fibrosis is an example of an inherited disease that is caused by a mutation on a gene. • The faulty gene impairs the normal movement of sodium chloride in and out of cells, which causes the mucus-secreting organs to produce abnormally thick mucus. • The gene is recessive, meaning that a person must have two copies of the faulty gene for them to develop the disease.

18. Cystic Fibrosis Cont’d • Cystic fibrosis affects the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as the sweat glands. • The mucus secreted is very thick and blocks passageways in the lungs and digestive tracts. • This mucus causes problems with breathing and with the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

19. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 • Formerly non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes – is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency

20. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Cont’d • Diabetes is often initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary modification. If the condition progresses, medications may be needed. • Long-term complications from high blood sugar can include increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, amputation, and kidney failure. • For extreme cases, circulation of limbs is affected, potentially requiring amputation. Loss of hearing, eyesight, and cognitive ability has also been linked to this condition.

21. Lesson 2 Bell Activity • What is cancer? • A. A disease you can catch from germs. • B. A sexually transmitted disease. • C. Occurs when cells divide. • D. Occurs when abnormal cells grow out of control.

22. Health Goal # 29 • I will get regular check ups regarding family diseases.

23. Heart Disease • Your heart is an amazing organ. It continuously pumps oxygen and nutrient-rich blood throughout your body to sustain life. • This fist-sized powerhouse beats (expands and contracts) 100,000 times per day, pumping five or six quarts of blood each minute, or about 2,000 gallons per day.

24. How the Heart Works • As the heart beats, it pumps blood through a system of blood vessels, called the circulatory system. The vessels are elastic, muscular tubes that carry blood to every part of the body.

25. The Heart’s Functions • Blood is essential. • In addition to carrying fresh oxygen from the lungs and nutrients to your body's tissues, it also takes the body's waste products, including carbon dioxide, away from the tissues. • This is necessary to sustain life and promote the health of all the body's tissues.

26. Three Main Types of Blood Vessels • Arteries. • They begin with the aorta, the large artery leaving the heart. • Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all of the body's tissues. • They branch several times, becoming smaller and smaller as they carry blood further from the heart and into organs.

27. The 2nd Type of Blood Vessel • Capillaries. • These are small, thin blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins. • Their thin walls allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and other waste products to pass to and from our organ's cells.

28. The 3rd Type of Blood Vessel • Veins. • These are blood vessels that take blood back to the heart; this blood has lower oxygen content) and is rich in waste products that are to be excreted or removed from the body. Veins become larger and larger as they get closer to the heart. • The superior vena cava is the large vein that brings blood from the head and arms to the heart, and the inferior vena cava brings blood from the abdomen and legs into the heart.

29. Did you know? • This vast system of blood vessels -- arteries, veins, and capillaries -- is over 60,000 miles long. That's long enough to go around the world more than twice! • Blood flows continuously through your body's blood vessels. Your heart is the pump that makes it all possible.

30. Heart Disease • When you think of heart disease, usually people think of coronary artery disease (narrowing of the arteries leading to the heart), but coronary artery disease is just one type of cardiovascular disease.

31. Cardiovascular Disease • Cardiovascular disease includes a number of conditions affecting the structures or function of the heart. They can include: • Coronary artery disease (including heart attack) • Abnormal heart rhythms or arrythmias • Heart failure • Heart valve disease • Congenital heart disease • Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) • Pericardial disease • Aorta disease and Marfan syndrome • Vascular disease (blood vessel disease)

32. Leading Cause of Death in the U.S. • Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the U.S. • It is important to learn about your heart to help prevent heart disease. • And, if you have cardiovascular disease, you can live a healthier, more active life by learning about your disease and treatments and by becoming an active participant in your care.

33. Abnormal Heart Rhythms • The heart is an amazing organ. • It beats in a steady, even rhythm, about 60 to 100 times each minute (that's about 100,000 times each day!). • But, sometimes your heart gets out of rhythm. An irregular or abnormal heartbeat is called an arrhythmia. An arrhythmia (also called a dysrhythmia) can involve a change in the rhythm, producing an uneven heartbeat, or a change in the rate, causing a very slow or very fast heartbeat.

34. Heart Failure • The term "heart failure" can be frightening. • It does not mean the heart has "failed" or stopped working. • It means the heart does not pump as well as it should. • This then leads to salt and water retention, causing swelling and shortness of breath.  • The swelling and shortness of breath are the primary symptoms of heart failure.

35. Congenital Heart Disease • Congenital heart disease is a type of defect in one or more structures of the heart or blood vessels that occurs before birth. • It affects about eight out of every 1,000 children. Congenital heart defects may produce symptoms at birth, during childhood, and sometimes not until adulthood. • In most cases scientists don't know why they occur. Heredity may play a role as well as exposure to the fetus during pregnancy to certain viral infections, alcohol, or drugs.

36. What is Cancer? • Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases in which cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. • Although there are many kinds of cancer, they all start because abnormal cells grow out of control. Untreated cancers can cause serious illness and even death.

37. Normal Cells in the Body • The body is made up of hundreds of millions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. • During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. • After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries.

38. How Cancer Starts • Cancer starts when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells.

39. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. • Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. • Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. • Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell.

40. Cells become cancer cells because of damage to DNA. • DNA is in every cell and directs all its actions. • In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies. • In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, but the cell doesn’t die like it should. • Instead, this cell goes on making new cells that the body does not need. • These new cells will all have the same damaged DNA as the first cell does.

41. People can inherit damaged DNA, but most DNA damage is caused by mistakes that happen while the normal cell is reproducing or by something in our environment. • Sometimes the cause of the DNA damage is something obvious, like cigarette smoking. • But often no clear cause is found.

42. In most cases the cancer cells form a tumor. • Some cancers, like leukemia, rarely form tumors. • Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow.

43. How Cancer Spreads • Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body, where they begin to grow and form new tumors that replace normal tissue. • This process is called metastasis. • It happens when the cancer cells get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels of our body.

44. How Cancers Differ • No matter where a cancer may spread, it is always named for the place where it started. • For example, breast cancer that has spread to the liver is still called breast cancer, not liver cancer. • Likewise, prostate cancer that has spread to the bone is metastatic prostate cancer, not bone cancer.

45. Different Types of Cancer Behave Differently • Different types of cancer can behave very differently. • For example, lung cancer and breast cancer are very different diseases. • They grow at different rates and respond to different treatments. • That is why people with cancer need treatment that is aimed at their particular kind of cancer.

46. How Common is Cancer? • Half of all men and one-third of all women in the US will develop cancer during their lifetimes. • Today, millions of people are living with cancer or have had cancer. • The risk of developing most types of cancer can be reduced by changes in a person's lifestyle, for example, by quitting smoking, limiting time in the sun, being physically active, and eating a better diet. • The sooner a cancer is found and treated, the better the chances are for living for many years.

47. Lesson 3 Bell Activity • Name 5 non-communicable diseases.

48. Health Goal # 30 • I will be informed about the symptoms of hereditary diseases that run in my family.

49. Cancer Video • What Is Cancer?