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Cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular system. The circulatory system. The function is to transport O 2 and nutrients to the cells of the body and to carry away CO 2 and other wastes. To do this, the system must keep blood constantly circulating. The circulatory system.

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Cardiovascular system

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  1. Cardiovascular system

  2. The circulatory system The function is to transport O2 and nutrients to the cells of the body and to carry away CO2 and other wastes. To do this, the system must keep blood constantly circulating.

  3. The circulatory system All vertebrates have aclosed circulatory systemwhere blood is transported in vessels, separate from the interstitial fluid. In anopen circulatory system(as in arthropods) fluids return to the heart through ostiaor open vessels.

  4. Single-loop circulation Fishhave a single-loop circulatory pathway: the heart has a single atrium and a single ventricle.

  5. Two-circuits circulation Amphibiansand mostreptileshave a two-circuits circulatory pathway, with the heart divided into two atria and one ventricle.

  6. Two-circuits circulation Birds and mammalshave a two-circuits circulatory pathway with the heart divided into two atria and two ventricles.

  7. The cardiovascular system A circulatory system consists of a pump (the heart), a fluid (the blood) and a series of blood vessels(the vascular system). All together those elements form the cardiovascular system.

  8. left atrium right atrium left ventricle septum right ventricle The heart The heart has four chambers: two atriaand two ventricles. A cardiac septumseparates the heart into right and left halves.

  9. superior vena cava aorta pulmonary artery atrioventricular valve pulmonary veins semilunar valve inferior vena cava An arterycarries blood away from the heart while a veintakes the blood to the heart.Cardiac valves keep blood moving in the correct direction.

  10. The heartbeat Electric rhythmic impulsemove the heart. The contraction is called systole, the relaxation of the chambers is diastole.

  11. The cardiac conduction system The heartbeat starts from the sinoatrial node(SA), the impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue. The atrioventricular node (AV) causes the ventricle contraction.

  12. Blood vessels Arteries Blood pressure in arteries and arterioles carries blood away from the heart.

  13. Blood vessels Veins Skeletal muscle contractions return blood in veins and venules to the heart.

  14. Blood vessels Capillaries Thin-walled capillaries permit exchange of materials and gas with the tissues.

  15. Pulmonary and systemic circuits • Cardiovascular systems includes two circuits. • Pulmonary circuit: pulmonary arteries take O2-poor blood to lungs while pulmonary veins return O2-rich blood to the heart. • Systemic circuit: left ventricles send O2-rich blood to aorta; vena cava takes O2-poor blood back to the right atrium.

  16. Pulmonary and systemic circuits

  17. Blood pressure Blood velocity depends on pressure and on capillaries area. Systolic pressure: is the pressure in arteries during ventricular systole. Diastolic pressure: is the pressure in arteries during ventricular diastole.

  18. Vascular diseases A stroke (or cerebral ictus) occurs when a small cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by an embolus. A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery (the artery that brings O2-rich blood to capillaries of the heart) is completely blocked.

  19. Vascular diseases • Healthy life style can help to prevent vascular diseases: • refraining from smoking • no drugs • controlling weight • healthy diet • monitoring cholesterol • exercising

  20. Vascular diseases Cholesterolis an essential component of cell membranes and is carried by plasmic proteins (LDL and HDL). Anomalies in quantities of LDL or HDL can lead to the formation of cholesterol plaquein blood vessels.

  21. Blood functions • Transports substances to and from capillaries where exchanges occur. • Helps the organism defendagainst pathogens. • Helps regulate body temperature. • Forms clots to prevent hemorrhages.

  22. Blood composition Blood is composed of a liquid portion called plasma and formed elements: red and white blood cells, and platelets.

  23. Clotting Blood clotting involves platelets that release clotting factorsat the site of the blood vessel damage. Fibrin threads provide a meshwork for a blood clot.

  24. Blood stem cells Hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs), are multipotent stem cells, found in the bone marrowof adults, that can produce all the blood cell types. HSCs can be easily transplanted from pelvic bone.

  25. Capillary exchange • Between the arterial end and the venus end, substances diffuse according to the concentration gradient: • CO2and wasteproduced by the cells move in; • C6H12O6, amino acidsandO2spread out.

  26. Capillary exchange Lymphatic capillaries collect excess tissue fluid (called lymph) and return it to the vascular system.

  27. AB0 classification system RBC membranes carry specific carbohydrates and proteins that behave as antigenswhen transplanted in incompatible organisms. Those antigens are classified as AandBand determine the type of blood. RH factor is another important antigen in matching blood types.

  28. AB0 classification system Agglutination: clumping of RBC in the presence of an antibody that binds multiple antigens and joins the cells. No agglutination Agglutination

  29. Online resources • http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/living_growing/circulatoryrev1.shtml • http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c/keeping_healthy/heartdiseaserev1.shtml (pages 3, 4, 5) • http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/heartandcirculation/index.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1

  30. Animations • http://media.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio5/full/28_01/start.html • http://media.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio5/full/28_02/start.html • http://media.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio5/full/28_03/start.html • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__cytotoxic__type_ii_hypersensitivity_.html • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter21/animation__hemoglobin_breakdown.html • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter22/animation__conducting_system_of_the_heart.html • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter22/animation__the_cardiac_cycle__quiz_1_.html

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