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Outline. 1. The Ionic Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential 2. Four Factors Determine the Ionic Distribution that Underlies the Resting Membrane Potential a. Differential Permeability of the Membrane b. Sodium-Potassium Pumps c. Diffusion (Random Motion) d. Electrostatic Pressure
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Outline • 1. The Ionic Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential • 2. Four Factors Determine the Ionic Distribution that Underlies the Resting Membrane • Potential • a. Differential Permeability of the Membrane • b. Sodium-Potassium Pumps • c. Diffusion (Random Motion) • d. Electrostatic Pressure • 3. Postsynaptic Potentials • 4. Generation of Action Potentials • 5. Ionic Events Underlying Action Potentials • 6. Conduction of Action Potentials • a. Action Potentials are Nondecremental and Slow • b. Myelin Increases the Speed of Conduction
Synaptic Transmission • Outline: • 1. Synaptic Contacts and Transmission • a. Structure of Synapses • b. Synthesis, Packing & Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules • c. Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules • d. Activation of Receptors • e. Reuptake, Degradation and Recycling • 2. Neurotransmitters and Receptors • a. Amino Acid Neurotransmitters • b. Monoamine Neurotransmitters • c. Acetylcholine • d. Soluble Gas Neurotransmitters • e. Neuropeptide Neurotransmitters • 3. Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission
Agonists • Increase synthesis of NTs • Tryptophan (turkey; warm milk) • L-Dopa • Block enzymes that destroy NTs • MAO inhibitors (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) • Increase release from terminal buttons • Amphetamine – reverse transporter • Black widow venom – promotes release of ACh by interacting with the releasing proteins on presynaptic membrane • Block Autoreceptor • Research drugs (couldn’t find any interesting ones) • Bind to post synaptic receptor and cause effects, or increase effectiveness of NT • Benzodiazepines = Valium • Block deactivation • SSRI = Prozac; Zoloft • SNRI = Effexor; Cymbalta • Cocaine
Antagonists • Blocks synthesis of NTs • AMPT – blocks production of DA – can increase symptoms of depression in lab. • Blocks storage/increases destruction of NTs • Reserpine Blocks storage of monamines; used to treat high blood pressure; depression can be a side effect • Prevent release of NTs • Botulinum Toxin - Botulism (food poisoning). This toxin prevents the release of Ach leading to paralysis and potentially death • Small doses prevent wrinkles = Botox • Activate autoreceptor • Aripiprazole – Inhibits DA release by activating the autoreceptor – used as an antipsychotic • Block receptor • Some antipsychotic drugs. Drugs that block serotonin receptors are used to treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (social problems, flattened affect).l