New Monarchs and Expansion in the 16 th Century

1. C.O. 5 New Monarchs and Expansion in the 16th Century

2. I.  New Monarchs (c. 1460-1550) A. Consolidated power and created the foundation for Europe’s first modern nation-states in France, England, & Spain 1. Trend had started in the Middle Ages 2. Yet, “new monarchs” never achieved absolute power; absolutism not fully developed until mid-late 17th century 3. Were not nation-states in the modern sense as populations did not see themselves a as a nation

3. B. Characteristics of New Monarchs         1. Reduced power of the nobility through taxation, confiscation of lands, and hiring of mercenary armies or creation of standing armies -- Advent of gunpowder increased vulnerability of noble armies and their knights -- Nobles received titles and offices for their support     2. Reduced the political power of the clergy   

4.       3. Created more efficient bureaucracies -- Enabled New Monarchs to begin centralizing control of their realms 4. Increased political influence of the middle-class a. Brought in revenue for the Crown b. More so in France than in Spain 5. Increased the national debt by taking out loans from merchant-bankers

5. Opposition to monarchial power 1. The nobility resented decline in political influence 2. The clergy saw the pope as their leader, not the monarch 3. Independent towns resisted more centralized control

6. D.  France 1. Recovery after the 100 Years’ War a. England was expelled from France   b. Defeat of the duchy of Burgundy in 1477 removed the threat of a new state

7. 2. Rise of the Valois line of monarchs a. Louis XI (1461-1483) “Spider King” • Created large royal army • Increased taxes • Exerted power over the clergy • Promoted economic growth

8. b. Francis I (1515-1547) Concordat of Bologna, 1516: gave French king the power to appoint bishops to the French (Gallican) Church -- Major blow to papal authority in France Taille:direct head tax on all land and property Francis I Jean Coulet, c. 1525-1530

9. E. England 1. War of the Roses (1455-1477) a. House of Lancaster vs. House of York b. Results: York victory resulted in the rise of the Tudor Dynasty The Battle of Tewkesbury, 1471

10. 2. Henry VII (r. 1489-1509) a. Star Chamber: secret trials that reduced the power of the nobility b. Placed restrictions on private armies c. Parliament grew in power -- King could not tax without the consent of Parliament

11. 3. Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) a. Broke away from the Catholic church in 1534 and established the Church of England (Anglican Church) with the king as its head b. Oversaw the creation of a strong bureaucracy that significantly enhanced the power of the king

12. D. Spain 1. Ferdinand of Aragon (1478-1516) and Isabella of Castile (1474-1504) unified Spain Ferdinand and Isabella, Wedding Portrait, 1469

13. 2. 1492, Reconquista: a. Moors and Jews removed from Spain (except those willing to convert to Christianity) -- Surrender of Granada: last stronghold for Muslim Moors b. Loss of Jews and Moors resulted in the significant decline in the middle class

14. The Christianization and Unification of Spain

15. 3. Hermandades:Alliances of cities to oppose nobles -- Helped bring cities under royal authority 4. Spanish inquisition: conceived by Isabella a. Monarchy enforced the authority of the national church b.Overseen by Tomás de Torquemada c. Targeted conversos (Jews who had converted to Christianity but who were suspected of practicing Judaism) d. Reformed the church in Spain

16. G. Hapsburg Empire (Holy Roman Empire) 1. Consisted of 300 semi-autonomous German States 2. HRE was not a “new monarchy” Banner of the HRE after 1400

17. Holy Roman Empire, 1648

18. 3. Maximilian I (1493-1519) a. Marriage to Mary of Burgundy gained the HRE territory in eastern France -- Sparked a dynastic struggle between the Valois in France and the Hapsburgs Portrait by Albrecht Dürer, 1518

19. 4. Charles V (r. 1519-1556): most powerful ruler in 16th-century Europe a. Inherited the Spanish and Austrian thrones from his grandparents b. His armies sacked Rome in 1527 Portrait by Bernaert van Orley, 1519-20 Portrait by Unknown, c.1530

20. c. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (c. 1519-1559): locked in a dynastic struggle with Francis I d. Sought to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation Portrait by Titian, c. 1532-33 Portrait by Titian, 1548

21. The European Empire of Charles V Colored regions represent Charles’ possessions

22. II. Commercial Revolution (ca. 1500-1700) A. Causes: 1. Roots in the Middle Ages --Hanseatic League

23. 2. Population growth: 70 million in 1500; 90 million in1600

24. 3. “price revolution”: a. Long, slow upward trend; increased food prices, increased volume of money, influx of gold & silver b. Led to increased supply of goods

25. 4. Economic competition among states 5. Rise of capitalism; entrepreneurs -- The middle class (bourgeoisie) led the way

26. B. Features 1. Banking: a. Fuggers in Germany and Medicis in Italy were among leading bankers in Europe -- Funded countless economic activities b. Antwerp in Flanders: banking and commercial center of Europe in the 16th century c. Amsterdam became the leader in the 17th century

27. 2. Hanseatic League evolved from within the German states in the Middle Ages that eventually controlled trade in much of northern Europe well into the 16th century. 3. Chartered companies: state provided monopolies in certain areas (BEIC, DEIC) 4. Joint-stock companies: investors pooled resources for common purpose (forerunner of the modern corporation)

28. 5. Stock markets: e.g., Bourse in Antwerp 6. First Enclosure movement in England: improved sheep herding for increased supply of wool 7. “Putting-out” Industry emerged in the countryside for the production of cloth 8. New industries: cloth production, mining, printing, book trade, shipbuilding, cannons and muskets 9. Consumer goods: sugar, rice, and tea

29. 10. Mercantilism: nations sought a self- sufficient economy a. Goal: nations sought economic self- sufficiency b. Strategy: create a favorable balance of trade where one’s country exported more than it imported c. Bullionism: countries sought to acquire as much gold and silver as possible

30. C. Significance: 1. Transition from rural society to an increase in towns 2. Enabled the emergence of more powerful nation states 3. Spurred age of discovery & exploration as nations sought to create new empires overseas

31. 4. The “Price Revolution” a. Prices during the 16th century rose gradually b. Rising population of Europe increased demand for goods, thus increasing prices c. Influx of gold and silver from the New World was a factor (but not the major factor) d. Inflation stimulated production

32. e. Bourgeoisie acquired much of their wealth from trade and manufacturing f. Peasant farmers benefited when surplus yields could be turned into cash crops g. Nobility suffered reduced standard of living as their income was fixed

33. 5. The bourgeoisie grew in political and economic significance a. First evident in Italian city-states during the Renaissance. b. Became the most powerful class in the Netherlands c. In France, grew in power at the expense of the nobility d. Exerted increased influence in English politics 6. Increased standard of living especially among the upper and middle classes

34. III. Age of Exploration and Conquest A. Causes for exploration 1. “God, glory, and gold” were the primary motives 2. Christian crusaders in 11th & 14th centuries created European interest in Asia and the Middle East 3. Rise of nation states resulted in competition for empire and trade -- Portugal and Spain sought to break the Italian monopoly on trade with Asia

35. 4. Impact of the Renaissance: search for knowledge a. Revival of Platonic studies, especially mathematics b. Awareness of living “at the dawn of a new age” c. Invention of printed book: publication and circulation of accurate texts and maps

36. 5. Cartography a. Martin Behaim: terrestrial globe, 1492 Behaim’s version of the ocean between Asia (left) and Europe and Africa (right)

37. b. Waldseemuller’s world map (1507) How is Waldseemuller’s map different from the Behaim map? “America” is shown on the left of the map. It is the first map to identify the continent.

38. c. Mercator’s map (1569) By 1569, both North and South America are prominent on the world map.

39. 6. Technological advances a. Advances in astronomy helped in charting locations at sea b. Instruments -- Magnetic compass (ca. 1300) -- Geometric quadrant (ca. 1460) -- Mariner’s astrolabe (ca. 1480) -- Cross staff (ca. 1550)

40. c. Ships -- Portuguese caravel (ca. 1450) -- Lateen sail and rope riggings -- Axial rudder (side rudder) -- Gunpowder and cannons

41. 7. Commercial revolution resulted in capitalist investments in overseas exploration 8. Religious desire to covert pagan peoples in the New World served as an important impulse toward exploration

42. B. Portugal 1. Motives for exploration a. Economic: sought an all-water route to Asia to tap the spice trade b. Religious: to find the mythical Prester John, a Christian king 2. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) a. Financed numerous expeditions along the West African coast b. Ushered in a new era of European exploration

43. 3. Bartholomew Dias (1450-1500): rounded the southern tip of Africa in 1488

44. 4. Vasco da Gama (1469-1525) a. All-water expedition to India in 1498 b. Brought back Indian goods creating a huge demand in Europe c. Huge blow to Italian monopoly of Asian trade Da Gama lands in Calicut, 1498

45. 5. Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) a. Explored Brazil: perhaps the first European to recognize the New World as a continent b. Waldseemuller named “America” after him 6. Brazil a. Portugal’s major colony in the New World b. African slaves imported to produce sugar, coffee, and cotton

46. The African Slave Trade

47. Major Slave Trading Regions of Africa: 15th-19th Centuries

48. C. Spain: Explorers 1. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) a. Spain’s motives: compete against Portugal for overseas trade b. 1492, Columbus reached the Bahamas believing he had reached the “Indies” (Indonesia) c. Ushered in era of European exploration and domination of the New World

49. The Four Voyages of Columbus

50. d. Bartholomew de las Casas (1474-1566) -- "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies," 1542 • Criticized ruthlessness with which Columbus and his successors treated the Amerindians • Writings help spread the “black legend” in Protestant countries regarding Spain’s killing of natives in the name of Christ • In reality, Protestants were just as guilty.