Nationalism and sectionalism in politics

1. Nationalism and sectionalism in politics Politics and Sectionalism/Nationalism

2. Enduring understanding and Essential question EU: Sectional priorities can shape the policies of a national government. EQ: In what ways were nationalism and sectionalism reflected in the politics and issues of the time period? Objective: Assess political events, issues and personalities that contributed to sectionalism and nationalism.

3. I. Era of good feelings politics

4. A. Era of Good Feelings • During James Monroe’s presidency • Little conflict between political parties • Booming national economy

5. B. Monroe doctrine • 1823: The U.S. told Europe it couldn’t colonize America anymore – specifically Latin America. • This meant America would control the Western Hemisphere. Why did the U.S. want this? • Poor European reaction, but they eventually respected it.

6. C. McCulloch v. Maryland • Most important court case while John Marshall was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • Ruling: the federal government can do whatever it needs to do in order to fulfill its responsibilities. This means that the federal government can even do things that are not written down in the Constitution, and the states cannot interfere. • How does the federal government have power not explicitly stated in the Constitution?

7. II. Growing sectionalism Objective 2.04

8. How Sectionalism grew • Series of steps: • Election of 1824 – Corrupt Bargain – major turning point from nationalism to sectionalism • Andrew Jackson is elected and creates policies that cause sectionalism (remember, it means anything that divides people’s or parts of the country’s from different beliefs): • Tariff of Abominations/Nullification Crisis • Spoils system • Pet Banks • Compromise of 1850 – not a real fix to one of the major causes of sectionalism (slavery) • Think of as band-aid on one of the biggest wounds – it doesn’t heal the wound.

9. CLAY’S AMERICAN SYSTEM: an economic development program that included tariffs to help industry, a national bank to stabilize the economy, and transportation projects to build commerce and trade– Leads to Nationalism. Remember: HENRY CLAY: one of the most popular and influential political leaders of the time. Clay was known as the “Great Compromiser” because he tried to settle the differences between the North and the South.

10. ELECTION OF 1824: No one received enough Electoral College Votes to be President. So, the House of Representatives had to vote to decide who would be the President. But, even Henry Clay, who helped create nationalism, was a politician would make deals to get what he wanted. People who support Clay (4th place) all vote for John Quincy Adams for president. When he beats Andrew Jackson, Adams chooses Clay as his Secretary of State. All of Jackson’s supporters call it the “CORRUPT BARGAIN:” Jackson’s supporters believe that Clay and Adams had made some secret deal to trade Clay’s supporters for a powerful job in Adams’ presidency. In the next election, Jackson uses the “corrupt bargain” as an argument for why he should be elected president. He wins the Election of 1828, and a new era of American politics begins.

11. Jacksonian Democracy: All of the previous American presidents had been rich members of an elite group. Jackson is different. Andrew Jackson was a military man, and had lived out on the western frontier. Jackson wanted to clear out the government of all the people he thought were from that elite, rich class. He replaces many government officials with people from his political party, even if they are not qualified for the job. SPOILS SYSTEM: the process of replacing government officials with political allies regardless of their qualifications.

12. TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS: an extremely high tariff passed in 1828; Southerners claimed that it was damaging their economy. SOUTH CAROLINA NULLIFICATION CRISIS: South Carolina’s claim that they have the right to nullify the law leads to Jackson threatening to use the military to force South Carolinians to pay the tariffs. In the end, Jackson negotiates with Congress and the tariff is lowered. Impact: Division between the federal government/North and the South is getting bigger.

13. Jackson’s time as president is also known for another crisis: the national bank is back…. Jackson thought that the national bank was dangerous. He blamed the national bank for the Panic of 1819. PANIC OF 1819: an economic crisis; the Panic 0f 1819 is important because it is the first time that Americans ever experience the economic cycle in which the economy does really well and then takes a downturn. REMEMBER: MCCULLOUGH VS. MARYLAND (1819): the Supreme Court had ruled that the federal government can do whatever it needs to do in order to fulfill the responsibilities that the national government has. This means that the federal government can even do things that are not written down in the Constitution.

14. Jackson doesn’t agree with McCullough vs. Maryland; he thinks the bank is unconstitutional. Jackson takes all of the government’s money and deposits in into pet banks. PET BANKS: selected private banks that get the government’s money. This move is disastrous for the economy and it leads to another economic crisis.

15. Compromise of 1850 • California applied to join the Union as a free state • Started debate over whether we should have slavery in new territory • This territory was acquired from Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Northern for free states, Southern for slaves states • California is tricky – half is above the Missouri Compromise line, half is below it.

16. Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay created the Compromise of 1850. • Four parts – the North got: • California as a free state • Ended the slave trade in Washington, DC • The South got: • Fugitive Slave Act: • Allpolice/law enforcement had a duty to arrest a runaway slave and would receive a bonus for doing so. • Those caught were not given a jury trial or right to testify in their own defense • Anyone suspected of helping the runaway slave would be fined and go to prison for 6 months • No more interference with the slave trade

17. Nationalism vs. Sectionalism • Create a T chart like the one here for events. Choose whether each event created nationalism or sectionalism, and write a 1-2 sentence description of the event after it. You can use your notes and/or find the following events in your textbook (pg. 190-288): • Monroe Doctrine • American System • “Corrupt Bargain”/Election of 1824 • McCulloch v. Maryland • Nullification Crisis • Spoils system New Art and Literature • Pet Banks Technological Innovations • Compromise of 1850

18. Exit Ticket 1) Why would McCulloch v. Maryland be considered the most important decision of the Marshall Supreme Court? 2) How was the Monroe Doctrine first thought of by other countries? 3) Why did Andrew Jackson’s supporters call the Election of 1824 a “corrupt bargain”? 4) How did Andrew Jackson change the U.S. government while he was president? 5) What is a pet bank? Why were pet banks used by President Jackson, and what was the outcome of using them? 5) Why would the Compromise of 1850 be seen as an event leading to sectionalism?