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Kingdom Animalia Notes

Explore the diverse groups within Chordata, from simple Lancelets to advanced Vertebrates like Mammals. Learn about each group's unique characteristics and evolutionary traits in this informative guide.

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Kingdom Animalia Notes

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  1. Kingdom Animalia Notes

  2. Domain - EukaryaKingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata (this is the largest group of vertebrates) Class…… Order…. F G S

  3. There are three groups of chordates (largest phylum in the animal kingdom): • Lancelets • Tunicates • Vertebrates (largest group)

  4. Lancelets While lancelets resemble fish externally, they are simpler, invertebrate marine animals with no heart, no paired fins, and essentially no brain. Considered a precursor to vertebrates, in place of a spinal column lancelets have a notochord, or a stiff rod that provides support for muscles during swimming.

  5. Tunicates The Tunicates are commonly known as "sea squirts." The body of an adult tunicate is quite simple, being essentially a sack with two siphons through which water enters and exits. It exhibits all chordate characteristics: it has a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. This "tadpole larva" will swim for some time; in many tunicates, it eventually attaches to a hard substrate, it loses its tail and ability to move, and its nervous system largely disintegrates..

  6. Who make up the largest group of chordates? A. Invertebrates B. Vertebrates C. Lancelets D. Tunicates

  7. Vertebrates: • Have a backbone • Have well-developed brain protected by a skull • Some are endotherms • While others are ectotherms • Examples: a. Fish (coldblooded / ectotherms) b. Amphibians (____________/__________) c. Reptiles (____________/__________) d. Birds (____________/__________) e. Mammals (____________/__________)

  8. Example of Vertebrates: • Fish (ectotherms / cold-blooded) • Amphibians (ectotherms / cold-blooded) • Reptiles (ectotherms / cold-blooded) • Birds (endotherms / warm-blooded) • Mammals (endotherms / warm-blooded)

  9. As a human, you are an _________. A. Endotherm B. Ectotherm

  10. Fish: Three groups of fish: • Jawless (lampreys and hagfish) • Cartilaginous (sharks, rays and skates) • Bony (catfish, bass, carp, etc…)

  11. Jawless Fish Lampreys Hagfish

  12. Cartilaginous Fish Sharks Rays and Skates

  13. Bony Fish

  14. True or False: A shark is a fish. A. True B. False

  15. Amphibians: They were the first vertebrates to live on land Amphibians gulp air into their lungs AND by absorbing O2 through their skin.

  16. Amphibians (means: double life) start life in the water, then b/c of metamorphosis they lose their gills and develop lungs & legs to live on dry land.

  17. Amphibians include: • Caecilians • Salamanders • Frogs • Toads

  18. Caecilians Caecilians are a legless, tailless tropical amphibian/ Though eel-like or earthworm-like in appearance, they are neither of these. They have vertebrate characteristics such as jaws and teeth. Their eyes are nearly functionless and even nonexistant on some. They have a groove on either side of the head which contains a retractable sensory tentacle. Most are between 5 to 14 inches long and 1/4 to 1 inches in diameter .

  19. Salamanders

  20. Frogs and Toads Which is the toad and which is the frog?

  21. Frogs and Toads Frog Toad Longer forelegs and slimy skin Shorter foreleg and dry, warty skin

  22. What process allows a tadpole to lose their gills and develop lungs in order to live on land? A. Innate processes B. Learned processes C. Metamorphosis D. Evolution

  23. Reptiles: Reptiles evolved from amphibians by adapting to life on dry land – they have thick, scaly skin that protects them from drying out

  24. Reptile embryos are protected by a tough, leathery egg Reptiles include: turtles, tortoises, lizards, snakes, crocodiles and alligators Some scientists think that birds and mammals evolved from early reptiles

  25. Reptiles Turtle or Tortoise?

  26. Reptiles Tortoise Turtle Spends most of life on land Spends most of life in the water

  27. What process (also known as change over time) allowed amphibians to slowly change into reptiles and adapt to living on dry land? A. Evolution B. Adapting C. Learning

  28. Birds: Birds are endotherms that are covered in feathers. There are two types of feathers: down and contour. Flying takes a lot of energy, so birds must eat a high-energy diet and breathe efficiently Birds are lightweight. Their skeleton is rigid and hollow – this helps with flight.

  29. Birds

  30. Mammals: Mammal characteristics: • Mammary glands • Endothermic (warm-blooded) • Hair or fur • Specialized teeth • Need oxygen for energy • Large, well-developed brains • Reproduce sexually

  31. 3 Types of mammals: • Monotremes (platypus & echidna) • Marsupials (kangaroo & koala) • Placentals (humans, dogs, elephants…)

  32. Monotremes lay eggs and feed their young milk through openings in their skin Marsupials give birth to live young, but they aren’t fully developed so they live in a pouch until they are more developed

  33. Monotremes and Marsupials

  34. Placentals: Develop inside the mother’s placenta for a period of time. This period of time is called the gestation period – for humans it is 9 months The placenta is the fluid-filled sac that feeds the developing embryo Placental mammals then nurse their young after birth

  35. What type of mammal are you? A. Monotreme B. Marsupial C. Placental

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