Enlightenment & Revolution

1. Enlightenment & Revolution

2. The Scientific Revolution • The Renaissance inspired curiosity between 1300 and 1600 • Questioning ideas that had been accepted • Answers came from Ancient Greek or Roman writers or the Bible The scientific revolution

3. Geocentric theory • People believed the earth was an immovable object in the center of the universe • Came from ancient Greek philosophers • Earth was a special place • Christianity- God placed Earth at the center of the universe Medieval View

5. Scientific Revolution- new ideas challenging old philosophers and the church ways of thinking • Before this nobody dared to question the church • Traveling to Asia, Africa and the Americas showed people that they didn’t know everything • Printing press (first copy machine) helped spread ideas quickly • 3,600 pages a day compared to 40 New waY OF THINKING

7. NEW VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE • Geocentric theory didn’t explain reality • Copernicus studied movement of sun, stars and planets for over 25 years • Came up with heliocentric theory (sun centered) • Knew his ideas would be rejected by the Church • Published his book in his last year alive • Other philosophers continued his ideas New view of the universe

9. Galileo built a telescope to study the heavens in 1609 • Church was frightened by this • Went against what they taught • Pope called Galileo to stand trial before the Inquisition • Threatened torture and forced to say his ideas were false • Lived under house arrest until his death in 1642 • Ideas still spread • Catholic church admitted he was right in 1992

11. Scientific Method A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas Hypothesis, test, and conclusion Used instead of relying on the church or ancient readings Based on the ideas of Bacon and Descartes Bacon-experiment Descartes- mathematics/logic

12. Newton and the Law of Gravity Every object in the universe attracts every other object, depending on the mass Explained the way all the parts in the universe worked together like a clock Believed God was the clockmaker

13. Scientific Revolution Spreads New tools to make better observations First microscope in 1590 Used to examine bacteria Barometer Measured atmospheric pressure Thermometer

14. Medicine Previously believed ancient writings Never dissected a human being Galen gave detailed drawings of the human anatomy Smallpox vaccine Injected germs from cowpox into humans Protected them from the much worse smallpox

16. The Enlightenment in Europe Enlightenment- a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

17. 2 Views on Government Hobbes Hobbes Social Contract Ruler in total power to keep the order Absolute Monarchy Locke Humans learned from experience Could govern their own affairs Natural rights-life, liberty and property Absolute monarchy bad-self government good Power comes from the people-democracy

18. Philosophes French word for philosophers People could apply reason to life

19. Voltaire Combats Intolerance Pen name Published 70+ books/essays Used satire Made many enemies Sent to prison, then exiled Used his pen to fight intolerance, prejudice and injustice “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it”

22. Women and the Enlightenment Many ideas about improving education Still thought women’s education should focus on the being a wife and mother Thought women shouldn’t read novels “If absolute sovereignty be not neccesary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family…If all men are born free how is it that all women are slaves?”

23. Mary Wolstonecraft Women needed education Urged women to enter medicine and politics

24. Legacy of the Enlightenment Belief in progress Scientific discoveries opened people’s eyes Secular outlook (non-religious) Importance of the Individual

25. The Enlightenment Spreads Philosophes ideas causing trouble It was illegal to criticize the church or government Salons- social gatherings where philosophers writers, artists and scientists discussed ideas Ex. PC Cafe

26. Diderot’s Encyclopedia Denis Diderot- created a large set of books with essays from leading scholars Many Enlightenment ideas Angered the Church “moral corruption, irreligion and unbelief” Helped spread ideas all over Europe Also spread through newspapers, pamphlets and even songs

27. Middle class growing and becoming literate Able to afford art and books

28. New Artistic Styles Baroque- old style of art, very grand

31. Neoclassical- simple, elegant style “new classical” Inspired by Roman art New forms of music and literature followed Mozart, Beethoven Popular novels with drama/ suspense

35. Enlightenment and Monarchy Voltaire thought a monarch was best as long as they respect the people’s rights Enlightened despots- absolute ruler, making new reforms for the people Wanted to make countries stronger and more effective rule, not just to be “nice” Frederick II of Prussia “First servant of the state” Joseph II of Austria Freedom of the press, freedom of religion Abolished serfdom

36. Catherine the Great Ruled Russia for 34 years Read the Philosophes and wrote letters w/ Voltaire Tried to improve Russia for serfs, but failed Serf rebellion crushed w/ Army Expanded empire

37. The American Revolution

38. British formed colonies on the East Coast Over time, colonists saw themselves as less and less British Business thriving Navigation Act Most valuable products only sold to Britain Higher taxes on good from other countries

39. Americans Win Independence French and Indian War France (with help of Indians) v Britain Britain wins and takes all French land in America 9 years of fighting cost the British $$$ Expected colonists to pay it back Stamp Act Any printed document must have a paid stamp Taxation without representation! Nobody in Parliament to approve

40. New tax on tea Boston Tea Party British close the harbor This made many people angry at the King Shooting exchange Colonists raise an Army Commanded by George Washington Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson wrote Based on Locke’s ideas

42. Mismatched fight British soldiers trained and experienced Colonists untrained Reasons for success: Americans fighting for their homeland British overconfident (many mistakes) 3,000 miles apart, very expensive for British Cost too much, called for peace Help from France, wanted to weaken Britain Americans shocked the world!

43. America Creates a Republic Weak national government under Articles of Confederation No executive or judicial, only Congress No power to collect taxes or regulate trade New constitution Separation of powers Checks and balances Federal system Power divided between federal and state governments