Enlightenment and Revolution in England and America

1. CHAPTER 20 Enlightenment and Revolutionin England and America Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Section 3: English Colonial Expansion Section 4: The Enlightenment Section 5: The American Revolution

2. Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Objectives: • Explore what led to the conflicts between Charles I and Parliament. • Examine how the rebellion in Ireland helped start the English Civil War. • Identify who would have supported the two sides in the English Revolution. • Investigate what led to the downfall of republican government in England.

3. Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Charles I and Parliament • Charles I believed in divine right of kings, was married to a French Catholic princess • Parliament opposed his tax measures

4. Section 1: Civil War and Revolution The Long Parliament • Irish were dispossessed by British, treated brutally • Parliament wanted to be in charge of the army • Charles refused to compromise, led troops into House of Commons to arrest opponents • Neither side would compromise

5. Section 1: Civil War and Revolution English Civil War • Cavaliers – called royalists, supported the king • Roundheads – supported Parliament • Oliver Cromwell – organized New Model Army and defeated Charles • Rump Parliament – abolished monarchy and House of Lords, proclaimed England a commonwealth, tried Charles I for treason

6. Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Cromwell’s Commonwealth • Raised money from taxes and land sales • Army was disciplined and powerful • Enemies had no organized army • Encouraged trade and manufacturing

7. Section 1: Civil War and Revolution End of the Revolution • Cromwell quarreled with Parliament, then dissolved it • Charles II restored monarchy

8. Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Objectives: • Explain how religious attitudes affected the rule of Charles II and James II. • Describe how Parliament reduced the power of the monarchy after the Restoration. • Identify the principal features of Britain’s limited constitutional monarchy.

9. Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution • Political parties develop – Charles tried to increase toleration for Catholicism; Tories supported Anglican Church, Whigs opposed having Catholic ruler • The Glorious Revolution – bloodless transfer of power in English monarchy; religious attitudes led to suspicion, conflict with Parliament, and opposition to the kings’ policies

10. Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Changes in English Government • Habeas Corpus Act and Declaration of Rights – protected individuals against unfair arrest and imprisonment, unfairly high bail, or cruel or unusual punishment • Toleration Act and Act of Settlement – religious freedoms to Dissenters, but not Roman Catholics or Jews; Act of Settlement kept Catholics from the English throne

11. Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Parliamentary Rule • Growing power of Parliament – monarch must consult with Parliament; development of cabinet and prime minister • Act of Union – united England and Scotland into Great Britain • Constitutional monarchy – monarch remained head of state, royal powers were limited by constitution

12. Section 3: English Colonial Expansion Objectives: • Investigate who the sea dogs were and what they accomplished. • Explore the results of the British mercantilist policy.

13. Section 3: English Colonial Expansion The Beginnings of the British Empire • Explorers and sea dogs – English sea captains who challenged the Portuguese and Spanish monopolies of sea trade, plundered foreign ships, helped defeat Spanish Armada • The British in India – British East India Company

14. Section 3: English Colonial Expansion The British in America • British settlements – Jamestown and Plymouth • Mercantilism and the British colonies – discouraged colonial manufacturing and forced colonists to sell certain products only to Britain

15. Section 4: The Enlightenment Objectives: • Identify the principal characteristics of Enlightenment thinking. • Analyze the similarities and differences in the ideas of important Enlightenment philosophers.

16. Section 4: The Enlightenment Crusaders of the Enlightenment • Believed that natural law governed human behavior and that truth could be determined by logic, secularism, and individualism

17. Section 4: The Enlightenment Political Criticism • Montesquieu – government divided into branches to create checks on political power • Voltaire – criticized intolerance and attempts to suppress personal freedoms • Rousseau – distrusted reason, opposed strong government, supported popular sovereignty

18. Section 5: The American Revolution Objectives: • Explain how Americans responded to British policies after the French and Indian War. • Describe what type of government Americans set up after the American Revolution.

19. Section 5: The American Revolution Empire and Conflict • British-French rivalry – Seven Years’ War; British won control of much of North America • Increased imperial control – Sugar Act, Stamp Act, “taxation without representation” • Intensified conflict – colonists hardened their resistance to British policies

20. Section 5: The American Revolution American Independence • The Declaration of Independence – government is created to protect individual rights and cannot exist without the consent of the governed, who can alter or abolish it • The war for independence – weak American government, brutal Hessian mercenaries, strong American military leadership • War and peace – French alliance with United States, as well as Spain and Netherlands, brought American victory

21. Section 5: The American Revolution Governing a New Nation • The Articles of Confederation – weak central government, placed power in individual states • The Constitution – federal government with three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial; Bill of Rights guaranteed citizens certain rights • Effects of American independence – democracy that inspired loyalty