Anka Kekez Koštro Faculty of Political Science University of Zagreb akekez @ fpzg.hr

1. Anka Kekez Koštro FacultyofPoliticalScience Universityof Zagreb akekez@fpzg.hr Academy for Political Development PUBLIC POLICIES AND POLITICAL PROCESSES

2. What are public policies? DIMENSIONS OF POLITICAL PHENOMENA POLITY The system of rules and norms In political community POLICY The substantial action of the State Rational problem solving. POLITICS Structured power relations between political actors

3. DEFINING PUBLIC POLICIES Policy domains and sectors Goals and instruments Political decision making Constituted by government's involvement Inaction, impact without action THOMAS DYE: „whatever governments choose to do or not to do”

4. DEFINING PUBLIC POLICIES Public policy may:: • Regulate behavior • Organize administration and partnership for service provision • Distribute benefits or extract taxes • Inform and educate POLICY INSTRUMENTS SUBSTANTIVE AREAS: • Defense • Energy • Environment • Foreign affairs • Education • Welfare • Health • Education • Economic opportunity • ........

5. Context of policy process Environment Birači, interesne skupine, stranke Voters, interest groups, parties Budget; Decisions, Laws, Directives ... Political system Policy output Policy input Results Policy outcomes Social and economic conditions Source: MAP Savjetovanja

6. Dimensions and complexity of public policies • Transformation of governing process: government to governance • Vertical, but also horizontal dimension of policy process PUBLIC GOVERNANCE/PUBLIC MANAGEMENT Public policies are created by Government Experts Stakeholders

7. Oversight– judiciary branch and regulatory agencies Decision makers Legislative executive International actors– EU, WB Governmental agencies Stakeholders– interest groups, experts, parties, Direct implementers - public administration Other level’s of government Policy actors – vertical and horizontal dimensions Media and public

8. Agenda setting • Identifying problems • Defining main goals • 2. FORMULATION/POLICY DEVELOPMENT • Identifying alternatives • Assessing options • Development of policy design (goal and instruments) Policy cycle formation • 5.EVALUATION AND CHANGE • Assessment of achievements • Recommendation for continuation, modification or termination 3. DECISION MAKING AND LEGITIMIZATION implementation • 4. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION • management and coordination • monitoring

9. PHASES AND ACTORS • Agendasetting– large number of actors 2. Policy formulation– number of actors diminishing, growingimportance of experts 3. Legitimization formal actorsmedia also 4. Implementation – defined implementers, administration, but also partners from society- 5. Evaluation -. Number of actors is again increasing- public discussion Izvor: MAP Savjetovanja

10. POLICY INSTRUMENTS AND POLICY DESIGNM. Howlett, M. Ramesh, A. Perl, Studing Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems

11. WHY STUDY PUBLIC POLICY? 1. SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES DESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION scientific methods for generating and testing hypothesis • 2. PROFESSIONAL • PRESCRIPTION • Application of knowledge in the • solution of practical knowledge 3. POLITICAL PURPOSES Advocacy, persuasion and support to preferred policy solutions Dye, 1987: 1-18 Different analytical purposes – different analytical approaches

12. STUDDING POLICY ISSUES) STUDDING POLICY PROCESS STUDDING OUTCOMES PUBLIC POLICY EVALUATION EVIDENCE BASED POLICY MAKING PROCESS ADVOCACY POLICY ADVOCACY ANALYTICAL APPROACHES TO PUBLIC POLICY • POLICY STUDIES • –description and explanation 2. POLICY ANALYSIS – prescription • 3. POLICY ADVOCACY • Advocacy, persuasion Dye, 1987: 1-18 i Hill, 2010:1 -22 12

13. Policy analysis in policy cycle POLICY PROBLEM ANALISIS POLICY DESIGN and EX ANTE EVALUATION formation ACTOR’S ANALYSIS EX POST EVALUATION implementation MONITORING AND MIDTERM EVALUATION

14. EXAMPLE OF ACTOR ANALYSIS: PARALLELISM IN CROATIAN SOCIAL POLICY Vertical dimension National MINISTRIES Mid-level - regional COUNTIES Family Centres Local Labour Offices and other de-concentrated state officees CITIES Social Welfare Offices COMMUNES Private providers Social institutions Social institutions Social institutions Social institutions Social institutions NGOs Horizontal dimension

15. WHERE IS THE MISSING LINK? • Social Welfare Offices? • Cities? • NGOs? • Users? • Counties? • ..........