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This study explores the efficacy of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in young children through a randomized, double-blind approach in Soweto, South Africa. The research protocol covers various sections such as hypothesis formulation, study design, data collection, statistical analysis, and research ethics. Emphasis is placed on identifying feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant research criteria (FINER) to ensure the study's success. The study evaluates the association between immunization and invasive pneumococcal disease in South African infants. Addressing potential research and solution challenges, the research criteria such as Feasibility, Interest, Novelty, Ethics, and Relevance (FINER) are discussed. Solutions include refining the study plan, addressing feasibility issues, and seeking mentor guidance for improvement.
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Metodologia cercetării ştiinţificeIpoteza de lucruOrganizarea studiuluiTipuri de studii Corin Badiu, 2007
Obiective • Dobandirea abilitatilor de cercetare • Redactarea unui protocol de 10 pagini pentru un studiu real • Analiza altor studii (peer review)
Tipuri de Studii • Nu sunt cea mai buna alegere pentru acest curs • Studii fundamentale: molecule, celule, soareci • Cost-eficienta, meta-analize • Cercetare calitativa • Ideal • Un studiu observational (sau experiment) ce implica pacienti
Sectiuni ale protocolului de studiu • Ipoteza de lucru • Semnificatia (fondul) • Designul studiului • Populatia de studiu si recoltarea datelor; controlul de calitate al datelor • Variabile si masuratori • Analiza statistica a datelor • Etica cercetarii medicale
Ipoteza de lucru • Toate studiile incep cu o problema, intrebare fara raspuns • Scopul este alegerea unei intrebari de cercetare relevante, ce poate fi transformata in proiect
Problema studiului • Format pentru un studiu descriptiv • “Intr-o populatie de [populatie de studiu ], care este prevalenta (sau media, mediana, etc.) [variabila dependenta]?” • Majoritatea studiilor au mai mult decat o problema de evaluat si rezolvat • Protocolul de cercetare deriva din problema studiului
Problema studiului • Format uzual (studii analitice): “Intr-o populatie de [populatie de studiu], exista o asociere intre [variabila dependenta] cu [variabila independenta]?”
Identificati problema studiului enuntata in rezumat Acute respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children. We evaluated the efficacy of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in a randomized, double-blind study in Soweto, South Africa. At 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age, 19,922 children received the 9-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine conjugated to a noncatalytic cross-reacting mutant of diphtheria toxin (CRM197), and 19,914 received placebo… Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Huebner RE, et al. A trial of 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and without HIV infection. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1341-8.
Intr-o populatie de [populatie de studiu], exista o asociere intre [variabila dependenta] si [variabila independenta]?” In a population of South African infants is immunization with a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine associated with invasive pneumococcal disease?
Originile unei probleme de cercetare • Cercetarea literaturii • Discutia problemelor din literatura • A fi deschis la idei si tehnici noi • Importanta invatarii • Imaginatia
Caracteristicile unui studiuFINER • Fezabil • Interesant pentru investigator • Nou • Etic • Relevant
Caracteristicile FINERCriterii de Fezabilitate • Numar adecvat de subiecti • Expertiza technica adecvata • Realizabil ca resurse de timp si bani • Resurse umane calificate adecvat
Caracteristicile FINERCriterii de Interes • Studii cu impact populational • Detalierea a noi mecanisme de boala • Studii de eficienta terapeutica pentru metode noi
Caracteristicile FINERCriterii de Noutate • Confirma sau anuleaza cercetari anterioare • Extinde cercetari anterioare • Furnizeaza noi date
Caracteristicile FINERCriterii de Etica • Consimtamant informat !!! • Protejeaza pacientii sau NU ii expune unui risc suplimentar • Excluderea imediata / oprirea studiului in cazul unor efecte adverse severe
Caracteristicile FINERCriterii de Relevanta • Pentru cunoasterea stiintifica • Pentru clinicieni, sanatatea publica sau politicile de sanatate • Pentru directii de cercetare viitoare
Probleme si solutii:Planul nu este FINER • Nefezabil • Prea larg • Prea putini pacienti disponibili • Metode sofisticate, peste abilitatile dovedite de investigator • Prea scump • Fara interes, noutate sau relevanta • Evaluare etica inadecvata
Probleme si solutii:Planul nu este Fezabil • Prea larg • Un set mai mic de variabile • Se delimiteaza mai mult domeniul • Insuficienti subiecti disponibili • Extinde criteriile de includere • Schimba criteriile de excludere • Adauga alte surse de subiecti • Extinde durata de inrolare • Foloseste strategii de scadere a lotului
Probleme si solutii:Planul nu este fezabil • Metode in afara abilitatilor investigatorului • Colaborare cu colegi cu aptitudini • Consultarea de experti si reluarea literaturii pentru metode alternative • Invata si practica aptutidinile cerute de studiu • Prea scump • Scade costurile designului de studiu • Mai putini subiecti si masuratori • Detaliu mai mic al masuratorii • Mai putine vizite de urmarire
Probleme si solutii:Planul nu este FINER • Neinteresant, vechi sau irelevant • Consulta mentorul • Modifica problema cercetata • Abordare etica nesigura • Consulta comitetul de etica • Modify the research question
Probleme si solutii • Planul de studiu este vag • Rescrie planul de cercetare mai amanuntit • Detaliaza din planul de studiu • Cum vor fi selectati subiectii si lotul martor • Cum vor fi masurate variabilele
Probleme si solutii: exemple • Ce relatie exista intre depresie si sanatate? • Consumul de carne rosie determina cancer? • Scaderea colesterolului seric previne boala cadiaca ischemica?
Fiziologia cercetarii clinice: Cum are loc? Se folosesc masuratorile intr-o proba / esantion /lot de studiu pentru a extrage inferente despre fenomene (variabile) intr-o populatie
Variabile de confuzie* Modificatori ai efectului* Tipuri de variabile Predictor* Rezultat *Considerate general ca expunere la factori de risc
Problema de studiu • In studii descriptive: “Intr-o populatie de [study population], care este prevalenta [outcome variable]?” • In studii analitice : “Intr-o populatie de [study population], este [predictor variable] asociata cu [outcome variable]?”
Tipuri de studii clinice • Studii fara variabile • Studii de caz, serii de cazuri, editoriale, opinii / comentarii, rapoarte review • Studii cu o singura variabila • Studii descriptive • Studii cu ≥2 variabile • Experimente • Studii observationale • Meta-analize si review-uri sistematice
Ierarhia tipurilor de studii clinice Conceptie (study design) legata de obiectivele studiului. Conceptie inainte de colectarea si analiza datelor Concepta studiului este importanta intrucat permite o crestere a validitatii si reducerea erorilor.
Variabile Variabila predictor (independenta) Variabila rezultat (dependenta)
Factori care influenteaza conceptia studiului 1. Obiectivele studiului – intrebarile cercetarii 2. Epidemiologia bolii / expunerii - rara / comuna 3. Aspecte etice 4. Resurse- bani, oameni, infrastructura
Ce tip de studiu este mai adecvat? • Telefonia mobila determina cancer cerebral? • Dieta afecteaza riscul de cancer mamar? • Fumatul pasiv determina cancer pulmonar?
Tipuri de study design • Experimental/ Quasi-experimental sau observational • Directia studiului in relatie cu expunerea si aparitia bolii • Cantitativ /Calitativ
Women's Health Initiative (1991) http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/whi/ Ar trebui sa primeasca substitutie cu estrogeni femeile postmenopauza?
Women's Health Initiative (1991) Subiecti: femei postmenopauza Predictor: “estrogeni” Rezultat: ? Ar trebui sa primeasca substitutie cu estrogeni femeile postmenopauza?
Ameliorarea problemei de cercetare Tratamentul cu estrogeni previne accidentul coronarian la femei postmenopauza? Subiecti: femei postmenopauza Predictor: tratament cu estrogeni vs no treat Rezultat: accident coronarian
FINER? Fezabil Interesant Nou Etic Relevant
7 tipuri de studii • Randomized controlled trial • Cohort study 3. Case-control study 4. Sample survey or cross sectional study 5. Ecologic or trend study 6. Case report or series 7. Qualitative research
Ncesitatea desing-ului • Trial clinic randomizat • Puncte finale • Interes primar • Studiu observational • Cross-sectional • Case control • Cohorta
1. Studii Experimental / Interventionale - Randomized controlled trial(RCT) • Evaluate new forms of therapy and prevention • New drugs and other treatment of disease • New medical and health care technology • New methods of primary prevention • New programs for screening and early detection of disease • New ways of organizing and delivering health services ( community trial ) • Impact of new policies in health care and health care financing ( community trial )
Randomized controlled trial • Cel mai bun design- randomizare, eroare de selectie minima (dar nu zero); • Nu este etic: daca interventie poate dauna, rezultat clinic slab • Nu este practic – boli rare, efect rar; • Participarea subiectilor la studiu este cruciala.
Randomized Controlled Trial Selection of subjects -similar features -inclusion/exclusion criteria Elements Design Randomization Defined population Allocation ofsubjects Current treatment /no treatment New treatment Intervention Not improved Improved Improved Not improved Outcome Data collection Masking(blinding)
RCT • Blinding • Double- subjects & investigators • Single – subjects (placebo effect) • Triple blind- subjects & investigators & statisticians • Outcome/endpoint • improvement ( desired effect) and side effects • must be explicitly defined • measured comparably in all study groups • Multi-centre trial • Comply with GCP requirements • Clinical trials/ community trials • Results of RCT- benchmark- good clinical practice (GCP) , clinical governance, treatment protocol.
Types of RCT: • Superiority or equivalence trials A • Parallel-most common B • Cross over • Planned –washout period A B B A - Unplanned randomized randomized Surgical Medical Require surgery Refuse surgery Surgery No surgery Analyze outcome by intention to Rx
Limite 1. ? effective in uncontrolled community 2. consent – refusal- automatic selection (people who participate are different from those who do not) 3. Non compliance ( people who are compliant are very different from those who are not) - drop-outs: no adherence to experimental regimen, loss to f/u - drops-in: no adherence to control regimen 4. Compliance -Need monitoring 5. Most costly
Studii observationale • Cohort study • Case-control study • Cross sectional study • Ecologic or trend study • Case report or series • Qualitative research Direction, timing , +/- control
Studiu de cohorta Subiecti • 5000 femei cu varsta 55+ ani Factor predictor: • estrogeni post-menopausal? Outcome: • Incidenta accidentelor coronariene dupa 5 ani de terapie
Cand este bun un studiu de cohorta? • When there is good evidence of an association of the disease with a certain exposure • When exposure is rare and incidence of disease among exposed is frequent • When the time between exposure and disease is short • When the investigator has a long life expectancy!
Cohorta • Cohort: “any designated group of individuals who are followed or traced over a period of time” • Free of the outcome at the beginning of follow-up (population at risk) • Usually defined or divided by exposure status
Populatia la risc • All subjects within a cohort must be free of the outcome at the start of the follow-up period • All subjects must be at risk for developing the disease (population at risk)