Thematic PowerPoint Chapters 10-18

Thematic PowerPoint Chapters 10-18 By Angela Schoonover

Chapters 10-12

Outline Chapter 10 • "Clinton's Ditch" • required tons of manpower • used to use local farmers, but malaria hit work force in summer of 1819 • they were replaced by Irish laborers who were more reliable if they survived

Outline Cont’d Chapter 11 • Mortality rates for slave children under 5 were twice those of white children of the same age group • Reasons: • black women not given adequate nutrition during pregnancy • they were worked too hard • were too frequently pregnant (commonly have 6-8 kids at 18 month intervals)

Outline Cont’d • Malaria and infectious disease like yellow fever and cholera were endemic in the South • the life expectancy in 1850: for whites- 40-43 years; for African Americans: 30-33 years • 20% or more of the slave labor force on most plantations were sick at any given time • slave owners believed slaves were "malingering" • They didn’t realize that adequate diet, warm housing, and basic sanitation might have prevented diseases • People knew so little about nutrition, a slave master accused mothers of killing their own infants because the mortality rate was so high

Outline Cont’d Chapter 12 • Dramatic fall in birth rate from 1800-1900: went from average of 7 children to only 4 children • people were realizing for economic reasons and constraints they couldn’t have an unlimited number of kids • protection not commonly used because it was associated with prostitution and trying not to spread disease • instead they used abstinence or infrequent intercourse • if abstinence didn’t work, surgical abortions could be performed • widely advertised after 1830 • popular because they were much more effective than the herbal practices shared between women that may or may not have worked • mainly used by middle class women looking to limit family size • estimated that one in four pregnancies were aborted from 1840 to 1860 • became so popular, it was basically considered a preventative measure • 1860: 20 states made abortions illegal

Outline Cont’d Medicine from 1800-1850 • first American pharmacopeia published in 1820 • consisted of mainly herbal medicines • had a few inorganic compounds with calomel (mercury) being a favorite among doctors • midwifery thrived during times of war because doctors were heavily needed for the war, leaving midwives to fill the hole doctors left behind • nursing was, for the most part, a man's job, but when dealing with the Yellow Fever epidemics, sometimes slaves were hired to be nurses because they were immune from the disease • Doctors didn't like midwives very much and tried to put them out of business

Outline Cont’d • in Philadelphia 1815 there were 21 women who said they were midwives; by 1824, the number dwindled to 6 • doctors would claim hospitals were more sterile than midwives, but midwives would always wash their hands between patients- a practice that was rarely, if ever, seen by doctors • doctors could spread disease patient to patient in a hospital because of lack of hygiene • Hydropathy: • believed in the curative powers of water (personal hygiene habits somewhat realized and required) • Thomsonian: • put the medicine into the hands of the common people • founded by Samuel Thomson after 6 different doctors gave 6 different remedies to his sick wife • he said the cure and medicine should be left with the person because they know what medicine will work best on them • Medical Licensing • The Medical Practices Act was enacted in the very early 19th century • fined people practicing medicine without a license $25 • people thought this was stifling their rights and in 1807 the act was modified so it wasn't repealed • the fine was lowered and the definition of an irregular physician hardly met anyone • a similar bill was filled in 1832 by Connecticut • Homeopathy • developed in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann but didn’t find its way to America until 1825 • sort of holistic medicine: nutrition, exercise, minimal medicine, and human relationships • one of the basic beliefs is with just a hint of help, the human body can heal itself

Key Terms • malingering-to pretend illness, esp. in order to shirk one's duty, avoid work, etc • pharmacopeia- a book published usually under the jurisdiction of the government and containing a list of drugs, their formulas, methods for making medicinal preparations, requirements and tests for their strength and purity, and other related information • hydropathy- the curing of disease by the internal and external use of water • Thomsonian- believed medicine should be at the hands of the people • Medical Licensing Act- the fight to control who could treat patients. A form of the Medical Licensing Act was passed in all the states except 2, but they all got repealed because of protesters like the Thomsonians

Identifying People Samuel Thomson • founded Thomsonian- the belief that the medicine should be in the hands of the common people. Was a force to be reckoned with when trying to pass the Medical Licensing Laws in the states • founded the belief of Homeopathy in 1796 even though it wouldn’t show up in America until 1825. Had sort of a holistic approach to healing and believed with a pinch of help. the body could heal itself Samuel Hahnemann

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 1 • Which of the following was untrue about Clinton's Ditch? • It was better to hire the local farmers because they were more resistant to disease • Irish workers were usually used to work • it required a lot of manpower • none of the above • What was the average life expectancy for a white person in 1850? • 30-33 years • 50-55 years • 40-43 years • 25-30 years Question 2

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 3 • Which contributed to the fact that African American children under 5’s mortality rate were double the white races'? • mothers would kill their babies so they didn’t have to live in slavery • the slave life didn’t leave enough nutrition for a pregnant woman • the slave owners would take away the children • most African America women had their babies in winter, so they got hyperthermia • Why was there such a sharp decrease in the average number of children from 1800-1900? • the economic strengths of having many kids no longer outweighed the cost of having them • people were too busy to have kids • the food of the time didn’t allow for child bearing • the government restricted how many children a family could have Question 4

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 5 • Approximately one in _____ pregnancies were aborted from 1840-1860. • 6 • 10 • 3 • 4 • Abortions were mainly used by _______ class women. • Upper • Middle • Lower • Yeomen Question 6

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 7 • The first American pharmacopeia is NOT... • a list of medicines • mainly herbal remedies • a medical dictionary • they are all correct • Calomel is also known as __________. • Tree bark • Water • Beer • Mercury Question 8

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 9 • Medical Licensing was a (n) _________issue in America. • Easily settled • Controversial • Not talked about • None of the above • Hydropathy... • increased attention to clean water • was not widespread • both of the above • none of the above Question 10

Multiple Choice Answers • A • C • B • A • D • B • C • D • B • A

Works Cited • Faragher, J, Buhle, M, & Czitrom, D. (2003). Out of Many: A History of the American People. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall • The history of medicine 1800-1850. (2003). Retrieved from http://www.mnwelldir.org

Chapters 13-15

Outline Chapter 13 • early 1800's: city living conditions- no municipal water supply, sewers, or garbage collection • people threw garbage into streets that was then eaten by hoards of roaming pigs • every American city suffered epidemics of sanitation disease like yellow fever, cholera, and typhus • Philadelphia's yellow fever epidemic of 1793 killed 4,000 people and stopped all foreign trade for than a month • Philadelphia completed a city water system in 1801 in response to the epidemic, but residents had to pay a fee only the rich could afford • Neither New York or Boston had a public water system until the 1840's • Garbage collection was a private service • Cities charged for costs of sewers, water mains, and street paving • poorer parts of the city couldn't afford it • excessive drinking became a national issue • religious reform would attempt to encourage men to take a bow not to drink • drinking more of a man's problem because it was considered rude for women to drink in public • they would drink alcohol based medicines like Lydia Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, which was 19% alcohol and marketed for "female complaints" • more than 7 gallons per capita of hard liquor per year in 1830, (double the amount of today) • with drinking becoming more socially unacceptable, the per capita was less than 2 gallons in the mid 1840's

Outline Cont’d Chapter 14 • Farmers would cross the Overland Trails to Oregon's Willamette Valley because of promising economic opportunity and to get away from the malaria prone mid-west after being devastated by the Panic of 1837 • Cholera killed 1,000 people per year in 1849 and early 1850's • spread by contaminated water • causes vomiting and diarrhea • led to extreme dehydration to death often in a single night • Hawaiian men known for their sailing skills would join British and American fur ships, but died from European diseases

Outline Cont’d 200 Years of American Medicine • 1848: the Committee on Medical Literature of the AMA (chaired by Oliver Wendell Holmes) identified 20 American medical journals • The committee thought the journals needed to be more focused and not put such unworthy articles in them • 1850: Lemuel Shattuck urged Massachusetts to form a state board of health that would encourage and promote local efforts • The Massachusetts State Board of Health actually came to in 1869 and became a role model for other states • People that were very influential of the time period: • J. Marion Simms • (1813-1883) • contributions to gynecology • was very highly criticized for his inhumane surgeries he would perform on African American slave women without anesthetic

Outline Cont’d • William T. G. Morton • (1819-1868) • surgical anesthesia • Joseph Leidy • (1823-1891) • contributions to paleontology • studies on undercooked meat using microscopes encouraged society to thoroughly cook meat, or risk getting a parasitic infection • Joseph J. Woodward • (1833-1884) • contributions to microscopy and photomicrography • used aniline dyes to color tissues after death • attended Abraham Lincoln's autopsy • S. Weir Mitchell • (1829-1914) • work in clinical neurology • experimented extensively with animals • published 25 works and essays • Surgeon General Joseph Lovell started what would become the National Library of Medicine • 1818

Identifying People Joseph Lovell • started what would become the National Library of Medicine. It first began as a small, personal collection of books and today is its own building in Washington, DC. • is called the "father of gynecology" today. There is a book titled J. Marion Sims: Man or Monster – Can We Judge a 19th Century Scientist By 21st Century Standards? which just proves how controversial his experiments and practices were and are. J. Marion Sims

Key Terms • Temperance- a movement in which a person completely gives up alcohol • Photomicrography-a photograph that has been taken through a microscope • Paleontology-the science of the forms of life existing in former geologic periods, as represented by their fossils. • Aniline Dyes-the science of the forms of life existing in former geologic periods, as represented by their fossils. • Massachusetts State Board of Health- established in 1869 and became a role model for other states

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 1 Which of the following is NOT a sanitation disease? • typhus • cholera • the flu • yellow fever Cholera killed _____ people in 1849 and the early 1850's. • 1,000 • 1,500 • 2,000 • 500 Question 2

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 3 Joseph Lovell had his collection of books that would become the National library of Medicine in what year? • 1847 • 1818 • 1765 • 1899 ___________ men were brought in to work with British and Americans because of their great sailing skills, but most of them died from natural causes. • Ethiopian • Chinese • Korean • Hawaiian Question 4

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 5 More than ___ gallons per capita in 1830 of hard liquor. • 7 • 3 • 10 • 5 Joseph Leidy worked in which of the following fields? • gynecology • neurology • pediatrics • paleontology Question 6

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 7 Which of the following was a reason the farmers would cross the Overland Trails? • the California Gold Rush • Cholera was a big problem where they were coming from • both of the above • none of the above Which of the following was NOT a symptom of cholera? • spread by contaminated water • causes vomiting and diarrhea • blindness • led to extreme dehydration to death often in a single night Question 8

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 9 Which of the following was true about 18th century living conditions in the city? • they had garbage collection • they had sewers • wild dogs were a serious issue • hoards of roaming pigs came and ate leftovers in street In the mid 1840's, which is NOT a reason the per capita for hard liquor drop to 2 gallons? • drinking became socially unacceptable • they found out heavy drinking hurts their livers • the temperance movement claimed to bring them closer to God • They are all true Question 10

Answers • C • A • B • D • A • D • B • C • D • B

Works Cited • Faragher, J, Buhle, M, & Czitrom, D. (2003). Out of Many: A History of the American People. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall • U.S Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institutes of Health. (1976). 200 years of american medicine (76-1069). Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/pdf/200years.pdf

Chapters 16-18

Outline • Chapter 16 • Robert Fitzgerald caught Typhoid Fever 5 months after enlisting • 117 members of his regiment died of disease but only 7 in battle • later discharged for poor eyesight • antiseptics in "infancy" during war • men died of minor wounds that got infected • gangrene a common cause of death • overcrowding and unsanitary conditions bred small pox, dysentery, typhoid, pneumonia, and malaria in the summer • McClellan's Peninsular Campaign • among 130,000 men, 1/4 of the unwounded were sick in July, 1862 • because disease is highest in August and September, Lincoln recalled McClellan and his army • 24 hours after battle of Shiloh, many wounded still lay on the battlefield in rain • some died of exposure, others drowned because they couldn’t move • Confederate prison camp of Andersonville in Northern Georgia was made to hold 10,000 men • by midsummer, it was holding 33,000 men • In the worst weeks of summer, 100 prisoners died of disease, malnutrition, or exposure each day

Outline (cont’d) • Army Nurses • medical supplies armies couldn’t provide were usually donated by the United States Sanitary Commission in the North and by women's volunteer groups in the South • usually taking care of the sick was women's work, but when it came to wounded soldiers, some found it "unseemly" for a respectable woman • wartime necessity trumped objections from doctors, who didn’t want women no different than their wives or daughters to give them orders, and women became army nurses • hospital nursing previously considered a job for a disreputable woman • now considered a suitable job for middle-class women • under leadership of Dorothea Dix with the Sanitary Commission • by war’s end, 3,000 northern women worked as paid nurses, and many more volunteered • South had army nurses too, but were not as organized • during the Seven Days Battles, the women established the first "roadside hospitals" because there was no more room in hospitals

Outline (cont’d) • Dentistry in the Civil War • About 500 dentists in the South before the war • Jeffery Davis (secretary of war) advocated for dentistry corps • Confederate army had a dental program • Similar idea rejected by Union Army • Toothbrushes rare and diet inadequate • Recruits turned down if they didn’t have 6 opposing upper and lower front teeth • Considered necessary to bite off the end of power cartridges used to load rifles • Battlefield Surgery • Most common surgery was amputation • Slow moving Minie bullet used caused catastrophic injuries • Ex- the 2 minie bullets that hit John Bell Hood’s leg at Ceickamauya destroyed 5 inches of his upper thigh bone, leaving surgeons no choice but to amputate • The closer to the body the amputation was done, the more the increase in the wound being fatal • An upper arm amputation had a mortality rate of 24%

Outline (cont’d) • In North, out of 11,000 doctors, only 500 had performed surgery • In South, there were 3,000 doctors and only 27 had performed surgery • People wounded in the head, stomach, or chest were usually put aside because they were probably going to die • Use of antiseptics unknown, doctors wore blood and pus spattered clothes • If something fell on the floor during surgery, they’d rinse it off in cool water and use it as if it was clean • Operators wouldn’t wash hands or wear gloves and would often probe wounds with their fingers • Chloroform administered if available • A good surgeon could amputate a limb in under 10 minutes • George Otis’ 5 principal advances of the Civil War: • Surgeons learned “something” about head injuries

Outline (cont’d) • How to deal with “ghastly wounds” • Learned how to litigate arteries • Information on vertebrates and spines “augmented” • “theory and practice” of chest wounds forwarded • Surgical Fevers: • Because they were so focused on speed and not cleanliness, fevers were common • Most common pyemia • Mortality rate of 90% • Form of blood poisoning • Means literally “pus in blood” • Also tetanus- mortality rate of 87% • Erysepilas • Hospital gangrene- now extinct

Key Terms • Break bone Fever- An infectious disease which is characterized by severe pains in the eyes, head, and extremities and accompanied by catarrhal symptoms. Transmitted by the bite of a mosquito. AKA dengue • Minie bullets-a conical bullet with a hollow base that expanded when fired • Pyemia-a diseased state in which phylogenic bacteria are circulating in the blood, characterized by the development of abscesses in various organs • Erysipelas- a very contagious skin disease due to areas being infected with a strep germ. It is characterized by redness and swelling of the affected areas. It generally lasted between 10 and 14 days. Most infections of wounds were more likely not this disease and actually cellulitis • Osteomytelitis- inflammation of bone. A common surgical fever

Identifying People Clara Barton • U.S. philanthropist who organized the American Red Cross in 1881 • head of army nurses in the North. Was very strict, but not out of harshness. She just didn’t want to deal with women becoming army nurses just to find husbands. Dorothea Dix

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 1 • An upper arm amputation had a mortality rate of ____%. • 75 • 24 • 36 • 80 • The most common surgical fever was ______. • Pyemia • Tetanus • Erysipelas • Malaria Question 2

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 3 • The US Sanitary Commission did all of the following EXCEPT: • provided help to poor African Americans • oversaw army nursing in the North • provided medicinal supplies to the North • integrated antiseptics into the Southern army • Which of the following was a common anesthesia medicine of the Civil War? • None • Propofol • Chloroform • Calomel Question 4

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 5 • A good surgeon could finish an amputation in under ___ minutes. • 5 • 20 • 60 • 10 • The bullets used in the war were not… • Minie bullets • damage causing • easy to remove • explosive upon contact Question 6

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 7 • The head of the army nurses in the North was _________. • Clara Barton • Dorothea Dix • Abraham Lincoln • Jeffery Davis • Which of the following is untrue about pyemia? • It literally means ‘pus in the blood’ • A blood poisoning • Had a mortality rate of 90% • Was not usually an issue while recovering from amputations Question 8

Multiple Choice Quiz Question 9 • The _____ to the body the amputation was done, the more the increase in the wound being fatal. • Closer • Father away • More parallel • None of the above • Which of the following was NOT one of the things George Otis said doctors learned from the Civil War? • How to litigate arteries • How to treat ghastly wounds • How to treat infections • Learned about head injuries Question 10

Multiple Choice Answers • B • A • D • C • D • C • B • D • A • C

Works Cited • Faragher, J, Buhle, M, & Czitrom, D. (2003). Out of Many: A History of the American People. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall • Goellnitz, J. (n.d.). Civil war battlefield medicine. Retrieved from http://www.ehistory.osu.edu

Thematic PowerPoint Chapters 10-18