Forensic use of organic compounds

1. Forensic use of organic compounds University of Lincoln presentation This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

2. Hydrocarbons Drugs Fire accelerants Petrol: It is petroleum-derived, and consists mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons enhanced with iso-octane or the aromatic hydrocarbons toluene and benzene to increase its octane rating. Butane Gas: consumed from lighters C4H10 Diesel: Diesel is produced from oil and is a hydrocarbon mixture, obtained in the fractional distillation of crude oil between 200 °C and 350 °C at atmospheric pressure Carbon tetrachloride: Used for solvent abuse CCl4 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

3. Aromatic compounds Fire accelerants Drugs Benzodiazepines: Psychoactive drugs with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties Benzene Toluene Explosives Dyes Tri-Nitro Toluene (TNT) Alizarin This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

4. Alcohols Fire accelerants Drugs Ethyl Alcohol – Ethanol: (C2H5OH), flash point 13 oC; ignition temp. 365 oC; explosive limits 3.5%-19.0% 4-hydroxybutanoic acid (GHB): Date rape drug. GHB has been used in cases of drug-related sexual assault Explosives Dyes Glycerol or glycerine: Used as starting material for nitro-glycerine BTTN :Military propellant for missiles: the mixture can be made by co-nitration of butanetriol and glycerol Sudan Red G: It is considered carcinogenic and genotoxic This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

5. Aldehydes Drugs Dyes Piperonal: Precursor of MDMA (Ecstasy: 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) 4-amino-3-nitrobenzaldehyde: Hair dye This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

6. Ketones Fire accelerants Drugs Methcathinone: 2-(methylamino)-propiophenone. Psychoactive stimulant. Addictive. Can be smoked, injected, or taken orally . Acetone:(Dimethyl ketone) flash point -20 degrees C; ignition temperature 465.4 degrees C; explosive limits 2.6%-13.0% Dyes Explosives 9,10-dioxoanthracene ACETONE: precursor of TATP. TATP: The synthesis of the explosive is made through oxidation of acetone using hydrogen peroxide This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

7. Ethers Fire accelerants Drugs Codeine: Opiate alkaloid Ethyl Ether - diethyl ether: flash point -45 degrees C; ignition temperature 180 degrees C; explosive limits 1.9% - 36% Dyes Rhodamine 123 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

8. Carboxylic acids Drugs Benzoylecgonine (ecgonine benzoate) is the primary metabolite of cocaine. It is formed in the liver by the metabolism of cocaine This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

9. Esters Fire accelerants Drugs Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of short chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters Explosives Benzocaine (local anaesthetic) : Benzocaine is often favoured by drug dealers to bulk out their cocaine supplies. while many dealers use the cheaper paracetamol or corn flour, Benzocaine gives a numbing effect (like purer cocaine should have). Dibutylphatalate: Plasticizer used in explosives. Plasticizers are additives that increase the plasticity or fluidity. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

10. Amides Dyes Yellow 13: pigment Drugs Fraud between drug dealers Lidocaine is often added to cocaine as a diluent because it numbs the gums when applied, giving the impression of higher cocaine purity This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

11. Amines Drugs Explosives Ephedrine: found incold remedies, but used to Enhance performance. Overdose can lead to death. Similar chemical structure than methamphetamine Hexanitrodiphenylamine: 40% part of an explosive called hexanite; rest 60% TNT. Obsolete explosive from WWII Dyes Indigo: found in foodstuff and textiles (jeans) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

12. Nitro-compounds Explosives 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane: used as a detection taggant for explosives. Added in C-4 Picric acid: 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP): Like other highly nitrated compounds such as TNT, picric acid is an explosive RDX or cyclonite: main explosive In C-4. Military explosive This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

13. Functional groups Link to “Functional Groups” video This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

14. Acknowledgements • JISC • HEA • Centre for Educational Research and Development • School of Natural and Applied Sciences • School of Journalism • SirenFM • http://tango.freedesktop.org This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License