Beam development at ISOLDE

1. TARGISOL Beam development at ISOLDE

2. Overview • Problems with carbon • Target • What is the status of carbon and nitrogen beams today.

3. Carbon Z N

4. Carbon 15C 2.45 s 17C 193 ms 20C 14 ms 10C 19.3 s 11C 20.38m 14C 5730a 16C 0.747 s 18C 92 ms 19C 49 ms 9C 126.5ms 12C 13C Z N

5. MK7 target + ion source Water-cooled transfer line of: Ta, Cu, Mo, W, Re, SiO2 Ta cathode & graphite grid

6. What are the problems? • Diffusion out of the target. • Reaction with target material, transport lines and materials in the ion source. • Ionization efficiencies.

7. Vapour pressure

8. Vapour pressure

9. Vapour pressure

10. What has been tested • Production -- ISOLDE and GANIL • Yield measurements • Release measurements • Diffusion from different materials • Implantations of 11C in different oxide materials. • Transport trough TIS unit – TC exp. at PSI • Ionization efficiency • Off-line tests with MiniMono

11. Carbon yields S&T calc. EPAX calc. Exp. MgO target 20.38 min 19.3 s 126.5 ms 2.45 s

12. MgO, CO2 ∆H = -154 kJ/mol CO ∆H = -127 kJ/mol CaO CO ∆H ≤ - 200 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H ≤ - 200 kJ/mol TiO2 CO2 ∆H = -146 kJ/mol CO ∆H = -123 kJ/mol SiO2 CO ∆H = -16 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H = -27 kJ/mol Al2O3 , coating CO ∆H = -68 kJ/mol CO2∆H = -70 kJ/mol Al2O3 , felt CO ∆H = -77 kJ/mol CO2∆H = -69 kJ/mol HfO2 CO2 ∆H = -66 kJ/mol CO ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol NO2 ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol NO ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol CeO2 CO ∆H = -154 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H =-156 kJ/mol Enthalpies: retrieved through TC experiments at PSI

13. MgO, CO2 ∆H = -154 kJ/mol CO ∆H = -127 kJ/mol CaO CO ∆H ≤ - 200 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H ≤ - 200 kJ/mol TiO2 CO2 ∆H = -146 kJ/mol CO ∆H = -123 kJ/mol SiO2 CO ∆H = -16 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H = -27 kJ/mol Al2O3 , coating CO ∆H = -68 kJ/mol CO2∆H = -70 kJ/mol Al2O3 , felt CO ∆H = -77 kJ/mol CO2∆H = -69 kJ/mol HfO2 CO2 ∆H = -66 kJ/mol CO ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol NO2 ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol NO ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol CeO2 CO ∆H = -154 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H =-156 kJ/mol Enthalpies: retrieved through TC experiments at PSI

14. MgO, CO2 ∆H = -154 kJ/mol CO ∆H = -127 kJ/mol CaO CO ∆H ≤ - 200 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H ≤ - 200 kJ/mol TiO2 CO2 ∆H = -146 kJ/mol CO ∆H = -123 kJ/mol SiO2 CO ∆H = -16 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H = -27 kJ/mol Al2O3 , coating CO ∆H = -68 kJ/mol CO2∆H = -70 kJ/mol Al2O3 , felt CO ∆H = -77 kJ/mol CO2∆H = -69 kJ/mol HfO2 CO2 ∆H = -66 kJ/mol CO ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol NO2 ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol NO ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol CeO2 CO ∆H = -154 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H =-156 kJ/mol Enthalpies: retrieved through TC experiments at PSI

15. MgO, CO2 ∆H = -154 kJ/mol CO ∆H = -127 kJ/mol CaO CO ∆H ≤ - 200 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H ≤ - 200 kJ/mol TiO2 CO2 ∆H = -146 kJ/mol CO ∆H = -123 kJ/mol SiO2 CO ∆H = -16 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H = -27 kJ/mol Al2O3 , coating CO ∆H = -68 kJ/mol CO2∆H = -70 kJ/mol Al2O3 , felt CO ∆H = -77 kJ/mol CO2∆H = -69 kJ/mol HfO2 CO2 ∆H = -66 kJ/mol CO ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol NO2 ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol NO ∆H = ≥ -8 kJ/mol CeO2 CO ∆H = -154 kJ/mol CO2 ∆H =-156 kJ/mol Enthalpies: retrieved through TC experiments at PSI

16. Retention times.

17. DIFFUSION • GANIL • Release from targets, 12 targets to be tested one after the other similar conditions give better comparisons! • ISOLDE • Implantation of 11C for comparison of diffusion times. Pressed pills/ powder vs. Fibre targets

18. Mini Mono ECR ion source

19. Summary

20. Summary Ion source efficiency: x 10 Release: diffusion and effusion > 100 >1000 higher yields  for carbon and nitrogen beam!

21. Thank you for your attention! And thanks to: Ulli Köster, Markus Ammann, Heinz W. Gäggeler, Fredrik Wenander, Henrik Jeppessen, Liviu Penescu R. AlvèsCondé, V. Dubois, F. Durantel, C. Eleon, G. Gaubert, B. Jacquot, P. Jardin, R. Leroy, N. Orr, J.-Y. Pacquet, M.-G. Saint-Laurent, C. Stodel, J.-C. Thomas, A. C. C. Villari and the ISOLDE collaboration

22. Diffusion

23. Β-decay experiments

24. Carbon yields HfO2 calc. 1% eff. S&T calc. EPAX calc. Exp. MgO target 20.38 min 19.3 s 126.5 ms 2.45 s

25. N-Yields S&T calc. EPAX calc. Exp. MgO target 7.13 s 4.17 s

26. N-Yields S&T calc. EPAX calc. Exp. MgO target HfO2 calc. 1% eff. 7.13 s 4.17 s