America’s Greatest Crisis: The Civil War The Causes of, The Battles & Reconstruction

1. America’s Greatest Crisis:The Civil WarThe Causes of, The Battles & Reconstruction Peter Morris 8th Grade Social StudiesSheridan Middle School

2. Essential Questions for this Unit • Explain how differences between the North and the South led to the Civil War. • Examine reasons why soldiers fought and died for the North and South. • Determine the factors that kept the South from being crushed early in the war. “A house divided cannot stand” - Abraham Lincoln

3. Warm-Up: Name one compromise you have made with a teacher or parent. Cornell Notes: Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas, p. 452.-455 Geography & History Activity: Population Density of the South Wednesday, January 25, 2012 The Road to the Civil War Obj: As a result of this lesson students will be able to explain differences between the North & South. DOLs: Given a population density map, students will be able to interpret advantages the North had during the war.

4. The Road to Civil War VIII. The Civil War A. The Road to Civil War 1. Compromises to avoid conflict. a) Northern free-states and Southern slave-states made compromises to avoid war. b) The Missouri Compromise of 1820 kept the balance between slave and free states in the Senate. c) New states were added 2 at a time, 1 slave & 1 free until California. d) When California entered as a free state in 1850 some Southerners began to talk of secession. Vocabulary Review: Compromise U.S. Senate Review: 2 votes per state Secede: to leave or withdraw

5. The Road to Civil War VIII. A. 1. Compromises to avoid conflict e) After seven months of debate in Congress the Compromise of 1850 is reached: i. California enters as a free state. ii. New Mexico could be a slave state. iii. Slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C. iv. There would be a stronger fugitive slave law. f) Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act angered many Northerners. g) Northern juries refused to convict people accused of breaking this law.

6. The Road to Civil War VIII. The Civil War A. The Road to Civil War 2. Bleeding Kansas a) As settlers populated Kansas and Nebraska, the South was worried they would be free states. b) The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 allowed the people to decide. c) Proslavery and antislavery groups rushed into Kansas to influence voting. d) With only 1500 settlers in Kansas, 6000 votes were cast (mostly proslavery). e) The two sides began fighting. John Brown is accused of killing proslavery settlers.

7. The Road to Civil War VIII. The Civil War A. The Road to Civil War 3. New Challenges to Slavery a) The Republican Party is created to challenge proslavery Democrats. b). Dred Scott, a former slave whose owner died in a free state was forced to return to slavery by the Supreme Court. c) More Northerners support the abolitionists. d) Abraham Lincoln runs for U.S. Senate in Illinois and is defeated by Stephen A. Douglas after several famous debates. e) On October 16, 1859 John Brown leads a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA to arm slaves. f) The plan fails, Brown is captured by Robert E. Lee of the U.S. Army. Brown is hanged and becomes a martyr for the abolitionist cause.

8. Dred Scott Exit Ticket Argument to the justices of the Supreme Court: Explain why Dred Scott should remain free or returned to slavery. Why did John Brown’s raid fail?

9. Abraham LincolnOur Greatest President?? • Lincoln had served only 1 term in Congress before election his as President in 1860. • He does not want to go to war but will not let the South secede. • Despite numerous losses by the Union army, he keeps the Union together & leads the fight against the Confederates. • At Gettysburg, he dedicates the cemetery & gives his most famous speech: The Gettysburg Address • Lincoln outlines a plan to ease freed slaves into society but is assassinated on April 10, 1865.

10. The Road to Civil War Homework tonight: Summary of these Notes! VIII. The Civil War A. The Road to Civil War 4. The Election of 1860 a) After John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry the issue of slavery divided the Democratic Party. i) Northern Democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas as a moderate. Douglas favored popular sovereignty. ii) Southern Democrats nominated John Breckinridge who had an extreme pro-slavery stance. b) Moderates from the North and South nominated John Bell forming the Union Party. c) After 13 ballots at the convention, the Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln, a moderate. d) With the Democratic Party split, Lincoln won the election. He was not on the ballot in the South.

11. The Road to Civil War VIII. The Civil War A. The Road to Civil War 5. The South Secedes a) Southerners felt they could not trust the Republicans. b) South Carolina was the first state to secede. c) Both sides tried to compromise, but more states seceded. The South used States Rights as an excuse. d) The South creates the Confederate States of America. e) The sitting U.S. President, or lame duck, Buchanan did not stop the South from seceding. f) When Lincoln was inaugurated, he pleaded for reentry. g) At Fort Sumter, SC, the Confederates demanded the surrender of the Fort. The Union sent supplies. h) The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. The U.S. Army surrendered the fort and the war had begun.

12. Summary: Causes of the Civil War • Free-state, Slave-state compromises were made to keep the Senate even. • Fugitive Slave Act angers Northerners. • Bleeding Kansas began bloodshed over slavery. • John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry & following execution angers both sides. • After Lincoln’s election in 1860 Southern slave owners panicked & called for secession.

13. The Two Sides: 476-479 • As you read identify: 1. Why did both sides want the border states to join their cause? 2. Identify two strengths for both the North and South as the war started. The Union = The North = Yankees (who wore Blue Uniforms) Nickname: Billy Yank Confederates = The South = Rebels (who wore Grey Uniforms) Nickname: Johnny Reb

14. Comparing North & SouthNorthern Disadvantages Southern Disadvantages

15. A much larger population. More ships & the entire U.S. Navy Almost all manufacturing Better railroads Abraham Lincoln Superior military leadership. Home field advantage. Strong support from whites. Comparing North & SouthNorthern Advantages Southern Advantages

16. The Two Sides North The Union United States Blue South Confederates Rebels Grey

17. The Blue & the Grey: WAR! Homework:Summary of Today’s notes VIII. The Civil War B. Battles of the Civil War 1. The First Battles 1861 a) Both sides thought the war would end quickly. b) The First Battle of Bull Run/Manasses i) In July 1861 the Union Army marched south to Virginia to attack the Rebels. ii) Politicians & tourists from Washington traveled to watch the battle. iii) Confederate Gen. Jackson’s troops hold out “like a stone wall”. They then counterattacked the Yankees. iv) The Confederate victory shocked the North. c) Abraham Lincoln called for one million soldiers and put Gen. McClellan in charge of the Army of the East. North: Bull Run South: Manassas “Stonewall” Jackson!

18. The Blue & the Grey: WAR! VIII. B. Battles of the Civil War 1. The First Battles d) The North created a blockade of Southern ports. e) The first naval battle of iron ships was the Monitor vs. the Merrimack. Neither ship was sunk. 2. War in the West (along the Mississippi River) a) Both sides want control of the Mississippi River. b) Union General Ulysses S. Grant captured three Confederate forts and forced them out of Kentucky. c) At Shiloh, Grant pushed the Rebels back despite huge casualties for both sides. d) The North won another important victory by capturing New Orleans sealing off the Mississippi. e) The South now had no way to ship its exports.

19. The Blue & the Grey: WAR! VIII. B. Battles of the Civil War 3. War in the East: The Union offensive in Virginia a). Lincoln ordered Gen. McClellan to attack Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy, but McClellan was very cautious & would not commit his army to a full battle. b). General Robert E. Lee commanded the Confederate Army of Virginia. i) Lee’s smaller army pushed the Union back. ii) The Rebels won again at the 2nd Battle of Bull Run. iii) By September 1862, the Rebels had pushed the Union out of Virginia & planned an attack on Maryland. c) The Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862 i) McClellan received Lee’s orders but was cautious. ii) In the bloodiest day in American history 23,000 casualties resulted in a marginal Union victory.

22. Blood Flows on the Antietam: 09/17/1862 The Union started their attack against a strong Rebel defense. “Fighting Joe” Hooker’s troops pushed the Confederates back. The Rebels held behind this sunken road called “Bloody Lane”. These photos by Matthew Brady brought home the terrible reality of the war to millions of Americans. At the end of the day the Union could have surrounded the Rebels but Gen. Burnside used this bridge instead of wading across the Antietam creek.

23. Blood Flows on the Antietam: 09/17/1862 After Antietam, General Lee and the Confederate Army escaped back South. 23,000 soldiers were wounded or killed. Lincoln met Gen. McClellan after the battle. He used the battle as a victory to use for the Emancipation Proclamation, but was upset with McClellan’s continued caution. He replaced him with Burnside, then Hooker then Meade.

24. Lincoln’s View on Slavery • Lincoln wanted slavery to end but hesitated to move against slavery because of the border states. • Lincoln’s main goal was to save the Union. He responded to abolitionists demands to end slavery with the following speech: “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would do that.”

25. Emancipation Proclamation “…All persons held as slaves within any state…in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward and forever free.” Abraham Lincoln, January 1, 1863

26. The Blue & the Grey: WAR! VIII. B. Battles of the Civil War 4. Emancipation a) The North’s original goal was to preserve the Union not to destroy slavery. b) As the war went on Lincoln decided to take action on slavery but the Union needed a victory. c) The marginal victory at Antietam allowed Lincoln to order the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863: i) No slaves actually were freed by the Proclamation. ii) Word of the Proclamation encouraged slaves to runaway. 150,000 join the Union Army iii) Britain & France opposed slavery & refused to support or recognize the Confederacy. d) The 13th Amendment truly freed the slaves. It was ratified by Congress in 1865.

27. People During the Civil War • African Americans began serving in the Union Army in 1862 but for lower pay. • Women began working in greater numbers during the war. • Clara Barton & other women served as nurses during the war. • Soldiers suffered bad food, poor clothing, sickness & fear. Many soldiers on both sides began to desert.

28. Map of the Conflict on the Eastern Front in 1862-1863.

29. Guide to Army Officers & Enlisted Men • Officers were usually well educated, enlisted men were volunteers or draftees Rank of Officers Major General *** Lieutenant Gen.** Brigadier Gen. * Colonel (Eagle) Lieutenant Col. Major 1st Lieutenant 2nd Lieutenant Enlisted Men (Soldiers) Sergeant Major Sergeant Corporal Private First Class Private

30. Turning Point: Victories for the North VIII B. 5. The Tide of War Turns a). Lee & the South continued to move quickly and beat the Union again & again in 1862 & early 1863. b). Union Generals Burnside & Hooker failed to defeat General Lee at Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville despite huge odds. c). The Union blockade strangled the Southern economy. Lee was forced to attack the North. d) Lee’s army met Union General Meade at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in July 1863. i) Union Cavalry arrives first but is pushed back by the Rebels. ii) The Union kept the high ground when Col. Chamberlain’s 20th Maine holds off the Rebels on the left flank. (July 2) iii) Lee orders the Rebels to charge anyway. Pickett’s division is slaughtered. The Union wins the battle. (July 3) iv) The Confederates escaped but were forced to fight a defensive war. e) On July 4th at Vicksburg, TN, the Rebels surrendered, isolating the western Confederacy. f) On November 19, 1863, Lincoln gives his famous Gettysburg address to dedicate the cemetery. Turning Points in the War

31. War & the Economy VIII. B. 6. War & the Economy a) Both sides financed the war by borrowing money, increasing taxes & printing money. b) Both sides faced inflation during the war but the South had to print much more money causing severe inflation (hyperinflation). c) The Northern economy continued to grow. Factory & farm production grew as demand from the army grew. d) The Southern economy suffered. Strangled by the blockade, they could not import goods they needed or export their crops. In a five sentence summary explain how the North’s economic advantage helped them win the war.

32. Civil War Medicine: Amputations • Surgeons had few choices when soldiers were shot by musket balls. • The bullets would lodge in body parts and if they hit bone would splinter.

33. The Gettysburg Address • Read The Gettysburg Address, p. 991. Summarize in one paragraph the main themes and ideas of Lincoln’s most famous speech. How did it inspire the North to continue the war?

34. Civil War Hero You Should Know: Philip Henry…. • Sheridan was a brilliant cavalry General serving under General U.S. Grant. • He became famous for fooling the Rebels who attacked with a 6-1 advantage. • General Sheridan defeated & killed J.E.B. Stuart, the most famous Confederate cavalry general. • He also cut-off Robert E. Lee & forced him to surrender at Appomattox Court House in April 1865

35. 1st Colorado Volunteers VIII. B. 7. 1st Colorado Volunteers a) During the Civil War Colorado was a free territory b) Volunteers began joining the 1st Colorado Cavalry in 1861. c) Battle of Glorietta Pass, NM 1862 i) Confederates from Texas tried to invade Colorado for Gold & Silver ii) The 1st Colorado marched through the snow to hold the pass & win the battle. d) In 1864 Major Chivington led a raid on unarmed Ute & Cherokee at the Sand Creek Massacre killing ~ 200 people

36. Andersonville: Prisoners of War VIII. B. 8. Andersonville & Prisoners of War a). Hundreds of thousands of soldiers were captured during battles of the Civil War. b). Prisoner of War (P.O.W.) Camps were squalid, disease-ridden temporary sites where many prisoners on both sides died. c). Andersonville, SC was a Confederate camp for captured Union soldiers. d). P.O.W.s lived without clean water, blankets, adequate clothing, and with rotten food. e). In one six month period in 1864, 15,000 of 45,000 P.O.W.s died at Andersonville. Exit Ticket: Imagine you are the commandant of the Andersonville Prison Camp. As a rebel officer, what would you do in this situation?

37. P.O.W. Simulation • After the Battle of Fredericksburg, over 5,000 Union soldiers were marched through winter weather 500 miles to Andersonville, SC. • After months of living in filthy, disease ridden, rat infested conditions, you are given the opportunity to write a letter to your mom.

38. Viewing Andersonville, S.C.

39. Final Phases of the War VIII. B. 9. Final Phases of the War a). After Vicksburg, Lincoln named Grant commander of all the Union Armies. Grant moved to D.C. b). After Gettysburg, Lee could not attack again. Lee’s army defended Virginia at Petersburg in a 9 month siege. The North lost thousands of soldiers. c) At the Battle of the Crater in July 1864, the North exploded a huge mine under the Rebel lines but the attack became confused in the smoke. d) The Petersburg siege continued for 9 months in brutal, trench warfare causing tens of thousands of Union casualties while the South starved. e) In the South, General Sherman’s army led a six month March to the Sea, destroying much of the South in its wake. f) Lincoln won reelection easily in 1864 despite growing frustration with the war in the North. Lincoln 1864!

40. The Battle of the Crater After months of battling each other in the trenches, the North planned a bold attack.

41. Final Phases of the War VIII. B. 10. Surrender at Appomattox a) By the Spring of 1865 Lee’s army was without food & ammunition. They fled Richmond for the hills. b) General Sheridan’s cavalry surrounded Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. c) Lee surrendered to Grant. Grant let the Southern soldiers keep their horses & gave them food. d) Jefferson Davis, President of the CSA was captured on May 10, 1865 and the war was over. e) The Union had won a war in which over 600,000 soldiers had died & many in the South would be bitter the rest of their lives. f) News traveled slowly but eventually the slaves were freed. Who was Farmer McClean?

42. Reconstruction of the South VIII. C. Reconstruction of the South 1. Plans for Rebuilding the South a). In 1863 Lincoln proposed the 10 Percent Plan. When 10% of voters took an oath of loyalty a state that banned slavery could reenter the Union b). Lincoln offered amnesty to white Southerners if they took the oath of loyalty. c). Radical Republicans called for a tougher approach to Reconstruction. d) Congress approved the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864 i) A majority of white males had to swear loyalty. ii) Former Confederates could not hold public offices. iii) Lincoln thought it was too harsh & vetoed the bill. e) Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to help freed African Americans.

43. Lincoln’s Assassination After Lee’s surrender to Grant at Appomattox, Lincoln took his wife Mary out to a play to celebrate. An actor and Confederate spy, John Wilkes Booth, shot Lincoln

44. The Civil War Amendments • The 13th Amendment (1865) officially outlawed slavery. • The 14th Amendment (1868) protected citizens against discrimination by states but was too unclear to protect African-Americans. • The 15th Amendment (1870)protected the right to vote, but Southern states created poll taxes & literacy tests to prevent blacks from voting.

45. Congratulations! • You have now finished the longest unit of the year. • Now is time to study for the Unit 8 Test!