Carbon Chemistry

1. Carbon Chemistry

2. 9.5 Content Standard • D 13. Explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the type of bonds it forms in organic and inorganic molecules.

3. What’s so special about Carbon? • Fourth most abundant element in the universe. • Essential to life on earth. • Many different forms… carbon dioxide (CO2), limestone (CaCO3), wood, plastic, diamonds, and graphite.

4. Carbon – The Element of Life • Unique atomic structure… form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms. • Elements with either less or more than 4 valence electrons can only form a maximum of 3 covalent bonds, this is why 4 is a magic number and why carbon is special. • Lightest element (and therefore the smallest) with four valence electrons

5. Carbon Structures Chains Rings Branches

6. Carbon Bonds Single Double Tripple

7. Carbon Recall • How many valence electrons can carbon form? 4 Valence Electrons • What 3 types of structures does carbon form? Rings, Chains, and Branches

8. Inorganic Compounds Inorganiccompounds are those compounds that were never part of a living organism Examples: Carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide The line between inorganic and organic carbon compounds is becoming less and less important to scientists as many non-living compounds are derived from once living organisms.

9. Organic Compounds Organic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living. Chemically… Organic compound – any compound that contains the elements carbon and hydrogen. They include carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose And hydrocarbons such as methane and hexane

10. Carbon Recall • What is the difference between organic & inorganic compounds?

11. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides- One unit (Simple Sugar) • Disaccharides- Two units (Simple Sugar) Glucose- stored in our body Fructose- sugar in fruit Sucrose- one glucose + one fructose = table sugar

12. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides- Many units (Complex Carbs) Starch- a long chain of glucose- found in plants Similarly, Glycogen is glucose stored in animals and humans. Cellulose is glucose chains linked together and forms strong plant fibers.

13. Hydrocarbons • Pure hydrocarbons- only Carbon + Hydrogen Isomers of Octane- often added to gasoline to stop the “knock” in the engine

14. Saturated vs Unsaturated • Saturated hydrocarbons have the maximum amount of hydrogens possible. • Hydrocarbons with all single bonds are considered to be saturated. • Alkanes • Unsaturated hydrocarbons do not have the maximum amount of hydrogens possible. • Any hydrocarbon with double or triple bonds are unsaturated. • Alkenes and Alkynes

16. Properties of Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, made up of only two elements -- they have low melting and boiling points -- hydrocarbons are flammable and tend to burn in combustion reactions -- hydrocarbons mix poorly with water (they are nonpolar) -- hydrocarbons are used for many of our fuels such as heating oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, coal and methane.

17. Carbon Recall • Name two examples of organic molecules. Carbohydrates & Hydrocarbons • Name on characteristic of hydrocarbons.

18. What are “polymers”? polymer- is a large molecule that is created when monomers are joined together. monomer -is a single unit that is used to build a polymer. Polymers may be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic).

19. Some examples of synthetic polymer structures: Polyethylene (PE) used for: flexible bottles, ice trays, plastic bags

20. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) used for: pipes, bottles, CD’s, computer housings

21. Polypropylene (PP) used for: rope, luggage, carpet, film, polar fleece propylene

22. Polystyrene (PS) used for: toys, packaging, egg cartons, flotation devices, hot cups

23. Vulcanizing Rubber to make it more flexible, tougher and temperature resistant and involves adding Sulfur atoms to create cross-links.

24. Properties of Polymers • Properties are determined by the structure of the molecules and depend on: -type of monomers used -chain length -branching -degree of cross-linking

26. Natural and Synthetic Polymers

27. Some Natural Polymers in Food… • Gelatin in gummi worms and gummi bears are made from natural polymers! • Bubble gum contains styrene butadiene rubber! • Carbohydrates (starches) and proteins are examples of natural polymers! natural polymers

28. Polymers are everywhere!!! Polymers at the movies…. Nylon carpet, polyester and acrylic seats, polyester curtains, nylon screen, polyester film strip, waxy polyethylene popcorn tub, starch in popcorn, polystyrene cups, plastic M&M bag, protein in hotdogs, gelatin in gummy bears, paraffin in Junior Mints, sticky stuff on the floor made of soda, butter, Skittles, Milk Duds and more…

29. Carbon Recall • What is a monomer? A single unit that makes up a polymer. • What is a polymer? Large molecule composed of monomers. Can be synthetic or natural.

30. Carbon Cycle • What is vulcanization? The process by which sulfur is used to cross-link carbon chains. Used to make tires.

31. Where does the material to make polymers come from? • Materials produced from the “cracking” of petroleum are the starting points for the production of many synthetic compounds like polymers. • Cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules.

32. Carbon technology: Risks and Benefits?!? Benefits: -Plastics are used in many useful products, including medical uses • Synthetic fibers have better properties than natural fibers • Pharmaceuticals are produced from hydrocarbons • Fossil fuels are “easy” sources of energy • …. Concerns: -Uses up non-renewable resources -Problems with petroleum acquisition and refining processes -Creates long-lasting waste (6-pack rings, non biodegradable material) -Burning hydrocarbons creates CO2 -….

33. The Carbon Cycle • Elements such as Carbon exist in fixed (limited) amounts on the earth and are located in various chemical pools called reservoirs. The movement of carbon, in its many forms, between the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and solid earth is described by the carbon cycle. • This cycle is driven by both the Earth’s internal (geothermal) energy, and the external energy from the sun and can be divided into geological, chemical and biological components.

34. The global carbon cycle Sources and sinks of carbon will add or remove carbon from the active part of the cycle. Carbon sinks include long-lived trees, limestone (formed from shells of small sea creatures that settle to the ocean bottoms, plastic, and the burial of organic matter (form fossil fuels). Carbon sources include the burning of fossil fuels and other organic matter, the weathering of limestone rocks (CO2 released), volcanic activity, forest destruction, and the respiration of living organisms. Reservoirs (in black) are gigatons (1Gt = 1x109 Tons) of carbon, and fluxes (in purple) are Gt carbon per year.

35. Carbon Recall • What is cracking? Starting point from which synthetic polymers are made. Hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules.

36. Carbon Recall • Where is carbon located within the carbon cycle? Name one source of carbon. Carbon Reservoirs, Burning of fossil fuels