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CHEMISTRY OF CARBON

CHEMISTRY OF CARBON. CH 4. Because C has only 4 valence electrons it easily bonds covalently w/4 hydrogen forming the simplest organic molecule, methane, or natural gas.

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CHEMISTRY OF CARBON

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  1. CHEMISTRY OF CARBON

  2. CH4 Because C has only 4 valence electrons it easily bonds covalently w/4 hydrogen forming the simplest organic molecule, methane, or natural gas.

  3. C easily bonds with itself forming single, double and triple bonds, this property results in many differently shaped molecules... shape determines physical and chemical characteristics LONG CHAINS RINGS BRANCHED CHAINS

  4. C WITHH CAN ALSO COVALENTLY BOND WITH N2,O2. THESE BONDS FORM THE MANY BASIC UNITS, MOMOMERS, THAT FORM THE 4 MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE MONOSACCHARIDES FATTY ACIDS NUCLEOTIDES AMINO ACIDS

  5. SINGLE MOLECULAR UNIT:MONOMER • SMALLEST STRUCTURE THAT STILL HAS CHARACTRISICS OF THE MACROMOLECULE CARBOHYDRATES: MONOSACCHARIDES PROTEINS: 20 AMINO ACIDS LIPIDS: FATTY ACIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS: 5 NUCLEOTIDES • MONOMERS BOND TO FORM:POLYMERS • POLYMERS CAN BE FORMED FROM SAME MONOMERS OR DIFFERENT ONES OF THE SAME KIND… FORMING ORGANICMACROMOLECULES

  6. MACROMOLECULES ARE USUALLY VERY LARGE POLYMERS… CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE MOLECULE DEPEND UPON A SPECIAL GROUP OF ATOMS CALLED A… FUNCTIONAL GROUP GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GLUCOSE SUCROSE STARCH HEMOGLOBIN

  7. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CHANGE THE NATURE OF THE ORGANIC MOLECULE • HELP TO BOND “ORGANIC BACKBONES” TOGETHER FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

  8. THESE REACTIONS BUILD THE MACROMOLECULES AS WELL AS BREAK THEM DOWN. LIKE PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION THEY ARE CYCLIC REACTIONS… THE REACTANTS OF ONE BECOME THE PRODUCTS OF THE OTHER. Most of these types of reactions require the action of enzymes.

  9. EXAMPLES HYDROLYSIS “BREAK WATER” CONDENSATION “MAKE WATER” CONDENSATION HYDROLYSIS CONDENSATION

  10. 4 ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

  11. MONOMER:MONOSACCHARIDE(CH2O) • SUGARS:MONO/DISACCHARIDES; -OSE • STARCHES: POLYSACCHARIDES • CELL WALLS:CELLULOSE • CONVERTED TO MAKE ATP RINGSCARBOHYDRATES

  12. MONOMER: FATTY ACIDS • PROTECTIVE COVERINGS:MEMBRANES • STORED ENERGY:GLYCEROL(ANIMALS) • HORMONES • STEROIDS • HYDROPHOBIC • HYDROPHILIC SOLIDS LIQUIDS TRIGLYCERIDE LONG CHAINS LIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPID

  13. MONOMER: 20AMINO ACIDS • DIPEPTIDES/POLYPEPTIDES • DETERMINE STRUCTURE/FUNCTION • MAINTAIN AND REPAIR • CONTROL CHEMICAL REACTIONS:ENZYMES (-ACE) BRANCHED CHAINSPROTEINS

  14. MONOMER: NUCLEOTIDE • STORE GENETIC INFO • REGULATE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS • DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(DNA) • RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA) NUCLEIC ACIDS

  15. BEACH BALL

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