Unit 7

1. Unit 7 A Time of Upheaval

2. Chapter 23 The New Frontier and the Great Society

3. The New Frontier A. The Election of 1960 1. Candidates a. John F. Kennedy (D) * VP = LB Johnson (TX) 1) Catholic – this was an issue 2) Wealthy, privileged, Northeast background 3) Young (43)

4. a. Richard Nixon (R) * VP = Henry Cabot Lodge 1) Quaker 2) financially struggling background 3) California 2. A New Kind of Campaign a. TV made the difference – 1st televised in an American election 1) Kennedy poised, confident, young- master of the media 2) Nixon tired, stiff, ill at ease b. Began new era – image matters– TV a new voting tool Nixon in the debate

5. 3. The Main Issues – the economy and the Cold War a. JFK: economy slowing, Soviets a threat, Castro in Cuba a problem 1) fabricated a “missile gap” btwn US/USSR 2) vowed to boost economy b. Nixon: economy slowing, US on right track in foreign policy c. JFK wins in closest election of the century

6. 1960 Election Results

7. Ask not… B. The Kennedy Mystique – youth, optimism 1. Inauguration Day: Jan 20, 1961 - Called on citizens to take more active role in making US a better place – “ask not” speech 2. Surrounded himself w/ youth & intelligence: “the best & the brightest” (S of State Rusk; S of Def McNamara; Att. Gen RF Kennedy) 3. Camelot image – beautiful wife, beautiful kids, style, culture, charisma

8. Camelot

9. C. Domestic Agenda 1. The New Frontier: legislative goals a. increase aid to education b. health insurance for elderly c. Dept. of Urban Affairs d. Help migrant workers e. Urban renewal programs f. Min. wage increase g. expand Social Security 2. Congress reaction? Republicans + S. Dems a. Dems didn’t feel supported by JFK? b. Viewed New Frontier as too big, too costly

10. 3. Strengthening the Economy a. Economy Slow: GNP down, unemployment up. how to fix? 1) spend more! (Keynesian approach) – deficit spending (but what about inflation?) 2) tax cuts to stimulate consumer spending – biz could expand, create new jobs, everybody benefits (supply side economics) b. Asked biz to hold down prices & labor leaders to hold down pay increases – failed – alienated biz leaders

11. 4. Women’s Rights a. Presidential Commission on Status of Women - called for an end to gender discrimination in civil svc b. Equal Pay Act - called for equalized pay for men & women (ignored)

12. D. Warren Court Reforms - Chief Justice Earl Warren: Activist Court the making, as opposed to interpreting, of laws 1. “One Man, One Vote” a. background: The issue? Reapportionment – the way states draw up political districts based on changes in population. In 1960, 80% of Americans lived in the cities/burbs. States were over-representing rural areas. The result? The vote of a city dweller counted for less than the vote of a rural resident. The solution? b. Baker v. Carr (1962) - made such arrangements illegal. Upheld principal of “one man, one vote”

13. b. Reynolds v. Sims (1964) - State legislative districts should be = in population. - shifted political pwr from rural, often conservative areas to urban areas where more voters resided 2. Extending Due Process - strengthen rights of people accused of crimes Due Process: a judicial requirement that laws may not treat individuals unfairly, arbitrarily, or unreasonably, and that courts must follow proper procedures and rules when trying cases

14. a. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) - State courts must provide a lawyer in criminal cases where defendant couldn’t afford one b. Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) - accused person has right to have lawyer present when being questioned by police c. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) - police must inform suspects of their legal rights at time of arrest

15. 3. Prayer & Privacy a. Engel v. Vitale (1962) - states can’t compose official prayer and require them to be recited in public school b. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) - to prohibit the sale & use of birth control violated the constitutional right to privacy

17. II. JFK & the Cold War A. Kennedy Confronts Global Challenges 1. A More Flexible Response a. Nationalism spreading thru developing world – USSR supporting wars of liberation 1) biggest threat to freedom? “iron tyranny” of communism 2) to fight communism, Americans must be willing to “pay any price” and “bear any burden” b. JFK increased defense spending – options (Ike cut spending on no nuke forces – Massive retaliation to deter USSR. But USSR has nukes too – US faced nuclear devastation)

18. c. Flexible Response - policy of seeking a range of options from which to choose in dealing w/ int’l crisis 1) increased nuclear stockpile 2) expanded non-nuke forces-conventional troops/weapons 3) built up elite branch of army called the Special Forces (Green Berets) to wage guerilla warfare in ltd conflicts

19. 2. Aid to other countries a. Problems in Latin America 1) gov’ts in hands of wealthy few/ masses in extreme poverty 2) growing movements to overthrow LA gov’ts 3) some resented American “imperialism” b. JFK aware that communism fed on poverty & social injustice c. Urged Americans to offer a “peaceful revolution” against the “common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself”

20. d. Alliance for Progress: - a “Marshall Plan” for Latin America. Aimed to stop communism in LA by offering economic & technical aid to LA nations ($ for schools, housing etc) 1) some success – led to reform 2) mostly a failure as $ ended up in the hands of wealthy & strengthened rule of dictators Example: Anastasio Somoza: His family almost continually ruled Nicaragua from 1936 to 1980.

21. 3. The Peace Corp a. A volunteer program to provide help to developing nations b. Fight poverty by performing humanitarian svc

22. 4. The Cold War Moves Into Space a. Space race: Cold War competition over dominance of space exploration capability b. If USSR 1st in space technology, might appear communism better than capitalism 1) JFK wants man on moon 2) NASA begins effort to produce necessary technology c. John Glenn 1962 – 1st American to orbit the earth

23. d. Apollo Program 1) developed Saturn V - largest, most powerful rocket ever built - enough velocity to escape earth’s gravity and to reach the moon! 2) July 20, 1969 - 1st Man on the Moon: Neil Armstrong An American!! - "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind“ - event televised. Seen by millions e. US had won space race! Proved technological superiority over USSR Race to the Moon

25. B. Crises of the Cold War 1. Bay of Pigs a. background 1) 1959: Cubans overthrow dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista 2) uprising led by Fidel Castro (who at 1st, didn’t seem so bad – visited DC, claimed he wasn’t communist)

26. b. Cuban Communism 1) Castro establishes ties w/ USSR 2) jailed/murdered opponents 3) seized foreign owned (many US) property/biz 4) drastic land reforms – socialism 5) USSR indicates plan to strengthen Cuba’s military

28. 90 miles from Key West FL to Havana, Cuba c. US Response? Communism too close! 1) Ike breaks diplomatic ties 2) CIA develops plan to eliminate Castro d. The Plan – begun under Ike, approved by JFK 1) train anti-Castro Cuban exiles La Brigada 2) force would land on Cuba & inspire Cuban people to rise up against Castro

29. e. The Invasion. April 17, 1961. Total disaster! 1) Cuban exile force ashore at Bahia de Cochinos “Bay of Pigs” 2) CIA maps/intelligence outdated. Ignored coral reef info 3) La Brigadaboats old & leaky, run aground on coral reefs 4) JFK cancelled air support to keep US involvement secret 5) popular uprising never materializes

30. f. The result? 1) w/in 72 hrs, most invaders killed or captured 2) US pays ransom to get back captured invaders 3) American prestige/goodwill shaken worldwide 4) JFK’s admin. appears weak/disorganized Cartoonists ridiculed Kennedy for the Bay of Pigs fiasco. In this drawing from the Washington Star, the Bay of Pigs is portrayed as a giant chicken which has come home to roost, causing new troubles soon to hatch out for Kennedy.

31. 2. Berlin Wall Goes UP a. JFK/Krushchev meet in Vienna, June 1961 1) subject of debate: City of West Berlin 2) West Berlin = non-communist outpost in the heart of communist East Germany (a symbol of freedom to Western nations) 3) also a gateway for E. Germans to escape to the West

32. b. Khrushchev demands western withdrawal from Berlin 1) JFK refuses – reaffirms US commitment to W. Berlin 2) JFK believes crisis over Berlin could lead to war – calls for more defense spending c. Rather than attack W. Berlin, Communists build a wall, sealing off Soviet sector Berlin Wall

33. 1) wall allows USSR to avoid a showdown over W. Berlin 2) Becomes a symbol of the Cold War division of East/West 3) 1963: JFK gives “ich bin ein Berliner” speech “All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin. And, therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ (I am a Berliner).”

34. 3. Cuban Missile Crisis (13 Days - Oct, 1961) a. background 1) US receives spy-plane info that USSR installing missiles in Cuba 2) prospect of nuclear warheads 90mi from US a threat!

35. b. US Response 1) Oct 22, 1961 JFK gives TV speech about Soviet missiles in Cuba 2) JFK orders a blockade to stop USSR from delivering more missiles 3) JFK demands USSR dismantle existing missile sites

36. c. Soviets offer a deal 1) USSR would remove missiles if US promised not to invade Cuba & US would remove missiles from Turkish/Soviet border 2) JFK publicly agrees not to invade Cuba, privately agrees to remove missiles from Turkey, USSR agreed to remove missiles from Cuba

37. 4. Impact of Cuban Missile Crisis a. World closer to nuclear destruction than ever before or since b. US & USSR forced to consider consequences of nuclear war c. Signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (Aug 1963) – agreement btwn US, UK, USSR to stop all nuclear weapons’ tests in the air and under water – the 1st step toward mutual arms reduction since beginning of Cold War d. Khrushchev falls from power Oct 1964 e. Evident that USSR militarily inferior – led to dramatic arms build-up in USSR followed by US arms build-up in early ’80s

38. C. Death of a President 1. Nov. 22, 1963 a. In Dallas for series of political appearances b. JFK shot and killed during motorcade

39. JFK Funeral On November 23 to 24, 1963, J. F. Kennedy lay in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol. More than 250,000 people waited up to ten hours in lines that often stretched 40 blocks paid their respects to the slain president. The shocked nation was in deep, collective mourning.

40. An estimated one million people lined the streets to mourn and view the formal funeral procession on November 25, 1963 for President John F. Kennedy, from the U.S. Capitol to St. Matthew's Cathedral, then to his final resting place at Arlington National Cemetery.

42. 2. Killer? Lee Harvey Oswald (had ties to USSR) 3. LH Oswald killed by Jack Ruby (nightclub owner)

43. 4. LBJ becomes US President 5. Warren Commission 1964 a. commission formed to investigate assassination of JFK b. conclusion? Oswald = lone shooter

44. III. The Great Society A. Johnson Takes the Reins 1. background a. Texan who was not poor, but grew up among poor people b. Father = state legislator c. mom pushed LBJ to gain education & respect d. taught High School e. ran for Congress 1937 – won at age 29 f. elected to Senate 1948

45. 2. Johnson’s Experience in Gov’t (26 yrs in Congress!! a. Congressional staffer b. House of Rep c. US Senator d. Senate majority leader e. VP Johnson as VP 1961 Lyndon B. Johnson campaigns for the U.S. Senate in 1941. (Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library.)

46. 3. Johnson’s leadership style “Johnson Treatment” a. Did favors, twisted arms, bargained, flattered, threatened, appealed to patriotism, appealed to pwr b. mastered the art of behind the scenes maneuvering & political compromise c. spoke directly, convincingly & rough – a big contrast from JFK’s elegant society image d. using all techniques, LBJ sought to find consensus – general agreement e. ability to build coalitions f. ambitious – wanted to achieve great things, be remembered as a great president

47. 4. Kennedy’s Legacy a. used nat’l grief to build support for legislation b. Congress had already rejected most of JFK’s proposals, but LBJ called for immediate action on them - to refuse them would be to reject ideals of a nat’l hero - “nothing could more eloquently honor Pres. Kennedy’s memory than the earliest passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought” - “let us here highly resolve that J. F. Kennedy did not live – or die – in vain”

48. c. before end of 1964, won a tax cut & a major civil rights bill d. Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibited an employer from denying someone a job b/c of race, sex or religion – gave gov’t power to desegregate public places

49. 5. Views on Poverty a. as a teacher in a low-income area, he understood poverty & suffering b. felt that a wealthy, powerful gov’t could & should try to improve lives of its citizens c. declared unconditional war on poverty d. Economic Opportunity Act: established range of programs aimed at creating jobs & fighting poverty e. Office of Economic Opportunity: (OEO) – new programs directed at young Americans living in the inner city f. VISTA (volunteers in svc to America) – a domestic peace corp – put young people w/ skills & community-minded ideals to work in poor neighborhoods & rural areas to help people overcome poverty

50. 6. Election of 1964 a. LBJ (D) vs. Barry Goldwater (R) b. issue: Vietnam - Goldwater wanted full US military intervention in Vietnam - Johnson pledged not to use combat soldiers - LBJ wins