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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids. CARBOHYDRATES. C a r b o h y d r a t e. Contains Carbon. Same ratio of Hydrogen:Oxygen as H 2 O, 2:1. Made up of the elements:. CARBON HYDROGEN OXYGEN. Simple Sugars-monomers. MONOSACCHARIDES C 6 H 12 O 6

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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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  1. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

  2. CARBOHYDRATES

  3. C a r b o h y d r a t e Contains Carbon Same ratio of Hydrogen:Oxygen as H2O, 2:1 Made up of the elements: • CARBON • HYDROGEN • OXYGEN

  4. Simple Sugars-monomers • MONOSACCHARIDES • C6H12O6 • 3 Monosaccharides: • Glucose • Fructose • Galactose

  5. MONOSACCHARIDES

  6. *You need to be able to draw glucose

  7. Double Sugars-polymers • DISACCHARIDES • C12H22O11 • 3 Disaccharides: • Sucrose • Lactose • Maltose

  8. SUCROSE • Common table sugar • Made by combining glucose & fructose

  9. LACTOSE • Major sugar in milk • Made by combining glucose & galactose

  10. MALTOSE • Product of starch digestion • Made by combining glucose & glucose

  11. How are disaccharides made? • DehydrationSynthesis (Condensation Reaction) —2 monomers combine & you get a polymer + water. • Hydrolysis —break-up of polymer to get monomers… just add water. (reverse of above)

  12. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

  13. HYDROLYSIS

  14. Complex Sugars-polymers • POLYSACCHARIDES • Many sugars…long chains • 3 Polysaccharides: • Starch • Cellulose • Glycogen

  15. STARCH • Plants store it as food (energy)

  16. CELLULOSE • Plant fiber

  17. GLYCOGEN Animals store it as food energy in liver and muscles

  18. Carbohydrate Function • Used by cells to store and release energy

  19. Carbohydrate Examples

  20. LIPIDS

  21. Made up of the elements: • CARBON • HYDROGEN • OXYGEN

  22. MONOMERS • 1 Glycerol • 3 Fatty Acids

  23. POLYMERS • COMMON NAMES • Fats • Oils • Waxes • Steroids (Cholesterol)

  24. LIPID VARIATIONS • Saturated – all single bonds (the fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of H atoms) • Unsaturated – 1 double bond (more H atoms can bond) • Polyunsaturated – multiple double bonds

  25. FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS • Used to store energy • Biological membranes & waterproof coverings • Hormones (chemical messengers, regulators)

  26. EXAMPLES OF LIPIDS

  27. NUCLEIC ACIDS

  28. Made up of the elements: • CARBON • HYDROGEN • OXYGEN • NITROGEN • PHOSPHORUS

  29. MONOMERS • Nucleotides • Sugar • Phosphate • Base

  30. POLYMERS • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • DNA • Ribonucleic Acid • RNA

  31. FUNCTIONS • Genetic Code

  32. PROTEINS

  33. Made up of the elements: • CARBON • HYDROGEN • OXYGEN • NITROGEN

  34. Protein Facts • Protein = Greek for primary or first • Most diverse and complex macromolecule • Makes up about 50% of our body weight • Each has a unique structure and function

  35. MONOMERS • Amino Acids • There are 20 amino acids. • If you change the order they are arranged in, you produce different proteins with different functions.

  36. POLYMERS • Polypeptides • Many amino acids bonded together Polypeptide Amino Acids

  37. Parts of an Amino Acid • Central Carbon (C) • Hydrogen (H) • Amino Group (NH2) • Carboxyl Group (COOH) • Side Group (R) • Different for every amino acid

  38. 20 Types of Amino Acids

  39. Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction) • How amino acids are put together into a polypeptide (a) Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)

  40. Hydrolysis Reaction • How polypeptides are broken down into amino acids

  41. Protein Functions 1. Structure • Give support and shape • Collagen and Elastin – skin, cartilage, tendons and ligaments • Keratin – hair, horns, feathers, nails

  42. Protein Functions • Transport • Move other molecules • Hemoglobin and Myoglobin – transport oxygen

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