Chapter 9 The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages

1. Chapter 9 The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages

2. People and Land in the High Middle Ages • Populations growth • More security • Increased agricultural production • The New Agriculture • Improved climate • Expansion of arable land • Technological changes • Plow • Aratum • Carruca • Use of oxen • Horse collar and horseshoes

3. Cooperative agricultural villages • Water mill • Three field system • Higher food prices • Free peasants • The Life of the Peasantry • Seasons determine activities • Holidays and the Village Church • Religious festivals • Peasant Household and Family • Dwellings • Family • Women’s responsibilities • Diet

4. Aristocracy of the Middle Ages • Significance of the Aristocracy • Knights • Church tries to redirect violence • Castles • Aristocratic Women • Can hold and inherit property but remainedunder the control of men • Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122-1204) • Way of the Warrior • “Knighting” • Chivalry • Tournaments • “Mele” and Joust

5. Marriage patterns • Alliances, wealth, heirs • Divorce • The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church • Problems of decline • Papacy controlled by powerful families • Weakened monastic system • Laymen dominate the clergy • Clergy holds offices as vassals to the lords • Decline of clerical standards

6. The Cluniac Reform Movement • Duke William of Aquitaine • Abbey of Cluny • Eliminate abuses • Spread of the reform movement • Reform of the Papacy • Gregory VII, 1073-1085 • “Vicar on Earth” • Conflicts with King Henry IV, 1056-1106, of Germany • Investiture • Excommunication • Canossa, 1077 • Concordat of Worms, 1122

7. Christianity and Medieval Civilization • Growth of the Papal Monarchy • Pope Urban II, 1088-1099 • Centralization of Administration • Pope Innocent III, 1198-1216 • Philip II Augustus of France • Interdict • New Religious Orders and New Spiritual Ideals • Cistercian Order, 1098 • Shorten hours in religious services • Lay brothers • Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)

8. Women • No priestly powers • Abbesses • Abbess of Bischofsheim • Hildegard of Biengen (1098-1179) • Living the Gospel Life • Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor) • Saint Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) • Poverty • Poor Clares • Dominicans (Order of Preachers) • Dominic de Guzmán (1170-1221) • Preaching to attack heresy

9. Pilgrimage Routes in the Middle Ages 1. The practice of the Christian pilgrimage was associated with the veneration of relics, whether they be remains or objects associated with the holy figures of Christianity. In time, Christians came to regard all of Palestine as a relic blessed by the footsteps of Jesus. By at least the fifth century, local guides in Palestine were showing the visitors the sacred places and pilgrim hostels had been established. 2. The pilgrimage routes in medieval Europe led through many holy places such as Canterbury where the bones of Thomas à Becket were found, Rome where the bones of saints Peter and Paul were venerated, and Santiago de Compostela where remains of the Apostle James were found. Overseas, the pilgrims stopped at the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the site of Jesus' crucifixion in Jerusalem. 3. In 787, a church council meeting in Nicaea directed that all new churches be consecrated with a relic. This obviously brought a premium to relics. Question: 1. What was the purpose of pilgrimages and what did some of the travelers hope to accomplish? Pilgrimage Routes in the Middle Ages

10. Beguines • Women living in poverty • Begging and menial tasks • Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages • Sacramental system • Saints • Virgin Mary • Relics • Indulgences • Pilgrimages

11. Voices of Protest and Intolerance • Catharism (Albignesians) • Dualist system of good and evil • Jesus not divine • Strict asceticism • Crusade against Albigensians, 1209 • Holy Office of the Inquisition, 1252 • Persecution of the Jews • Fourth Lateran Council, 1215 • Jews expelled from England in 1306,readmitted in 1315, and expelled in 1322 • Intolerance and Homosexuality

12. The Crusades 1. In 1071 at Manzikert in Asia Minor a mercenary army of Seljuk Turks in the service of the Arabs defeated a Greek army. The Turks soon occupied much of Asia Minor as well as Jerusalem. Fearful, Emperor Alexius I Comnenus (1081-1118) of Constantinople issued a call for help to Pope Urban II (1088-1099). In 1095 at the Council of Clermont, Urban challenged Christians to begin a holy war to recover the Holy Land. The initial response was a ragtag rabble under the leadership of Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless. As it made its way to Constantinople, the Peasants' Crusade terrorized the people of the Balkans. Alexis wisely ushered the peasant crusaders on to Asia Minor where the Turks massacred them. 2. Coming primarily from France and Germany, the armies of the FirstCrusade (1096-1099) converged on Constantinople with several thousand cavalry and perhaps 10,000 infantry. During three years of campaigning, Antioch fell in 1098 and after a five-week siege in 1099 so too did Jerusalem. In both cases, the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants were massacred. The region as a whole was divided into the principality of Antioch, the counties of Tripoli and Edessa, and the kingdom of Jerusalem. Antioch, Edessa, and Tripoli were all held as fiefs under the rule of the kingdom of Jerusalem. 3. With narrow strips of land and a small population, the Christian hold was precarious. It was only a matter of time until the Muslims attacked. When they did, Edessa fell in 1144. Leading the reinforcements of the Second Crusade were King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany. It failed. In 1187 the sultan Saladin captured Jerusalem. 4. The Third Crusade brought together the three major monarchs of Europe: Richard I, the Lionhearted, of England, Philip II Augustus of France, and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany. Barbarossa took a land route in 1190 but drowned crossing a river in Asia Minor. His army disbanded before reaching the Holy Land. Philip traveled by land in 1191 to Genoa and then by sea to Acre. He was joined shortly by Richard sailing from Normandy. Together the forces captured Acre but Philip and Richard quarreled and Philip returned to France, leaving his troops in the Holy Land. Although unable to recapture Jerusalem, Richard did confirm peace with Saladin in 1192 and safe conduct for Christians to Jerusalem. 5. In the Fourth Crusade, Venetians induced Crusaders to attack Christian Zara, a trading rival. Captured in 1202, the Crusaders turned to Constantinople that was sacked in 1203. A year later, the Latin Empire of Constantinople was created, lasting until 1261. 6. The Fifth Crusade fruitlessly attacked Acre and then turned its efforts on Egypt where Damietta was placed under siege in 1218. After its fall in 1219, Christians turned to the Nile Delta but were forced to flee when the Egyptians broke the dams in the canals. Damietta was surrendered for a safe retreat. 7. On the Sixth Crusade, Frederick II of Germany negotiated in 1229 an agreement with the sultan for the restoration of Christian Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, and several towns in Palestine. In return, he promised not to aid Crusaders warring in Egypt. The fall of Acre in 1291 ended the Crusader states. Question: 1. What were the objectives of the Crusades and why did they ultimately fail? The Crusades

13. The Crusades • Islamic Empire • Abbasid caliphate, Sunni • Fatimid caliphate, Shi’ite • Seljuk Turks • Byzantine Empire • Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches • Pope Leo Ix and Patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicate each other • The Comneni

14. The Early Crusades • Pope Urban II, 1088-1099 • Council of Clermont, 1095 • Peasants Crusade • First Crusade, 1096-1099 • Jerusalem, 1099 • Crusader feudal states • Second Crusade, 1147-1149 • Edessa recaptured by Muslims, 1144 • Failure

15. Third Crusade, 1189-1192 • Saladin • Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I the Lionhearted of England, Philip II Augustus of France • The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century • Fourth Crusade, 1204 • Zara • Sack of Constantinople, 1204 • Children’s Crusade, 1212 • Fifth Crusade, 1219-1221 • Sixth Crusade, 1228 • Frederick II, Jerusalem • Acre falls, 1291

16. Effects of the Crusades • Cultural interaction • Loss of young warriors • Economic growth of Italian port cities • Attacks on Muslims and Jews