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Unit 7

Unit 7. Gastroenterology. Digestive System. Steps in the Process of Digestion. Teeth chew food masticat/ion Saliva combines with food Tongue pushes food into throat Pharynx. Steps in the Process of Digestion. Smooth muscle contractions push food down esophagus to stomach ingest/ion

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Unit 7

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  1. Unit 7 Gastroenterology

  2. Digestive System

  3. Steps in the Process of Digestion • Teeth chew food • masticat/ion • Saliva combines with food • Tongue pushes food into throat • Pharynx

  4. Steps in the Process of Digestion • Smooth muscle contractions push food down esophagus to stomach • ingest/ion • Hydrochloric acid and enzymes mix with food in stomach • Broken down food moves to duodenum

  5. Steps in the Process of Digestion • Duodenal wall and pancreas secrete digestive enzymes • Bile from gallbladder mixes in • Enzymes break down food components • digest/ion • Starches into glucose • Proteins into amino acids • Bile emulsifies fats

  6. Steps in the Process of Digestion • Nutrients and water absorb into blood and lymphatic systems through intestinal walls • absorp/tion • Undigested and unabsorbed food (feces or stool) travel through large intestine to rectum • Feces expel through anus • defecat/ion

  7. Animation • Insert Digestion animation

  8. Carbohydrates • carb/o = combining form • Indicates presence of carbon in substance • Example: • carb/o/hydrates = contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) and provide energy for body • Glucose • Most simple carbohydrate in body • Starch • Carbohydrate in rice, potatoes, and flour

  9. Enzymes • Special proteins that assist in breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in foods • -ase = suffix to indicate enzyme

  10. Enzymes lact/ose intolerance = difficulty digesting milk products due to lack of lactase

  11. Malnutrition • Over- or under-nutrition • Obesity • Being overweight for height and body frame size • Due to hypertrophy of fat cells • Causes: • Overeating and lack of exercise • Adds to risk of heat disease, hypertension, and arthritis

  12. Bariatrics • bar/o = weight • bar/iatrics = medical practice specializing in prevention and treatment of obesity • bar/atric medical center = provides nutrition counseling, behavior therapy, and surgical interventions

  13. Mouth • stomat/o = combining form • Origin • Greek • stoma = mouth

  14. Mouth • Examples: • stomat/o/pathy = any mouth disease • stomat/algia = pain in mouth • stomat/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of mouth • stomat/itis = inflammation of mouth • stomat/o/myc/osis = mouth fungus

  15. Mouth Procedures • stomat/o/scope = instrument used to examine mouth • stomat/o/scopy = process of examining mouth with scope • stomat/o/plasty = surgical repair of mouth

  16. Oral Cavity

  17. Tongue • gloss/o = combining form • gloss/al = adjectival form

  18. Tongue Conditions and Procedures • gloss/algia = pain in tongue • gloss/itis = inflammation of tongue • gloss/o/ptosis = prolapse of tongue • gloss/o/plegia = paralysis of tongue • gloss/o/scopy = examination of tongue • gloss/ectomy = excision of tongue

  19. Under the Tongue • Terms meaning under tongue: • hypo/glossal • sub/lingual • lingu/o = combining form for tongue • Latin • Some medications placed under tongue • E.g., nitroglycerin tablets

  20. Lips • cheil = word root • cheil/o = combining form • Examples: • cheil/osis = condition or disorder of lips • cheil/itis = inflammation of lips • cheil/o/tomy = incision into lips • cheil/o/plasty = plastic surgery of lips

  21. Gums • gingiv/o = combining form • Examples: • gingiv/al = pertaining to gums • gingiv/itis = inflammation of gums • gingiv/algia = gum pain • gingiv/ectomy = excision of gum tissue

  22. Terms Involving the Gums • gingiv/o/gloss/itis = inflammation of gums and tongue • lingu/o/gingiv/al = pertaining to tongue and gums

  23. Esophagus • esophag/o = combining form • eso- = in or toward • phag/o = swallow • esophag/eal = adjectival form • Examples: • esophag/o/sten/osis = narrowing of esophagus • para/esophag/eal hernia = herniation around esophagus

  24. Esophagus • Terms that mean pertaining to stomach and esophagus: • esophag/o/gastr/ic • gastr/o/esophag/eal • gastr/o/esophag/eal reflux disease (GERD) = gastric and duodenal juices enter and irritate esophagus

  25. Preventing GERD • Avoid eating just before going to bed • Avoid fatty foods • Lose extra weight • Elevate head of bed

  26. Stomach • gastr/o = combining form • gastr/ic = adjectival form • Examples: • gastr/o/rrhagia = stomach hemorrhage • gastr/ectasia = dilation or stretching of stomach

  27. Gastritis • gastr/itis = inflammation of stomach • Common cause: • Helicobacter pylori (HP) • Transmitted through contamination by vomit and feces • Symptoms: • Epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia

  28. Small Intestine • enter/o = combining form • Examples: • enter/ic = pertaining to small intestine • Tablets that dissolve in small intestine may have enteric coating • enter/itis = inflammation of small intestine

  29. Structure and Function of the Small Intestine • Three sections: • Duodenum • Stomach contents enter and mix with bile and enzymes • Jejunum • Ileum • Walls rich in blood supply and lymphatic vessels to absorb digested nutrients

  30. Small Intestine Conditions • enter/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of small intestine • enter/o/plegia = paralysis of small intestine • enter/o/cele = herniation of small intestine

  31. Dysentery • Disorder of small intestine characterized by: • Inflammation, pain, and diarrhea • Can be caused by drinking water contaminated with bacteria • Amoebic dysentery caused by amoeba-type parasite

  32. Small Intestine Procedures • enter/o/centesis = surgical puncture of small intestine • enter/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of small intestine • enter/ectasia = dilation or stretching of small intestine

  33. Terms with enter/o • gastro/o/enter/o/logy = internal medicine specialty that deals with diseases of stomach and intestine • gastro/enter/ic = pertaining to stomach and small intestine • gastro/o/enter/o/ptosis = prolapse of stomach and small intestine

  34. Colon • Another word for large intestine • col/o = combining form • Examples: • col/ic and col/o/nic = pertaining to colon

  35. Anatomy of the Colon • Ascending colon • Transverse colon • Descending colon • Sigmoid colon

  36. Anatomy of the Colon • Cecum • Pouch at beginning of ascending colon • ile/o/cec/al valve = location where digested and undigested food moves from small intestine into cecum

  37. Functions of the Colon • Receives contents of small intestine • Absorbs water and water-soluble nutrients through its wall • Eliminates feces via rectum and anus

  38. Constipation • con/stip/ation = infrequent or small amount of bowel movement • Origin • Latin word parts meaning withhold or press together • Caused by: • Anesthesia use, aging, dehydration, and low-fiber intake

  39. Cathartics • cathartic = laxative • Origin • Greek • katharsis = purification • Result in: • Liquefaction of stool or relaxation of bowel (intestine)

  40. Cathartics • Catharsis • Also means emotional release • Used in psychoanalysis

  41. Slow Colonic Motility (Movement) • Caused by: • Chronic lack of moisture and bulk in feces • Conditions: • Constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and diverticular disease • Treatment: • Medications and increase in dietary fiber

  42. Diverticulitis • Diverticula • Outpouchings or pockets that develop in colon wall • diverticul/osis = presence of diverticula • diverticul/itis = infection and inflammation of diverticula caused by trapped food that putrefies and irritates tissues

  43. Terms with col/o • col/o/ptosis = prolapse of colon • col/o/centesis = surgical puncture of colon • col/o/pexy = surgical fixation of colon • col/o/ostomy = making of new opening in colon

  44. Colostomy Sites

  45. Sigmoid Colon • sigmoid/o = combining form • Examples: • sigmoid/o/scope = instrument used to examine sigmoid colon • sigmoid/o/scopy = procedure of examining sigmoid colon with scope

  46. Fecal Occult Blood Test • Test performed to detect occult blood in feces • Also known as guaiac test • occult = hidden • Presence of blood sign of infection, ulcers, or tumors

  47. Appendix • Worm-like glandular structure growing from bottom of cecum • appendices = plural • append and appendix = word roots • Examples: • appendic/itis = inflammation of appendix • append/ectomy = excision of appendix

  48. Rectum • rect/o = combining form • Examples: • rect/al = pertaining to rectum • rect/o/cele = herniation of rectum

  49. Rectal Procedures • rect/o/scope = instrument for examining rectum • rect/o/scopy = process of examining rectum with scope • rect/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of rectum • rect/o/plasty = plastic surgery of rectum • rect/o/rrhapy = suturing of rectum

  50. Terms with proct/o • proct/o = combining form for anus and rectum • Examples: • proct/o/logy = study of diseases of anus and rectum • proct/o/logist = specialist in diseases of anus and rectum • proct/o/plegia = paralysis of anus and rectum

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